Long-term effects of stem girdling on needle structure in Scots pine

Abstract

Stem girdling is the process of completely removing a strip of cork and phloem tissue. Phloem is the living tissue which serves as the main long-distance pathway for transporting carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis to all parts of the plant where needed, from source leaves to sinks. Stem girdling has been used to study several functional aspects of phloem and their direct impacts on tree growth. Although both photosynthesis and transpiration processes take place in needles, no studies exist which investigate the effect of source-sink disturbance on needle structure. In this study, we evaluated changes in needle morphology and anatomy in current-year Scots pine needles 227 and 411 days after girdling (DAG). Although the studied needle parameters recorded 227 DAG were from 2 to 20% higher than the same parameters in control needles, the differences were not significant. On the other hand, needles 411 DAG were thinner, with decreased cross-sectional areas, phloem areas, vascular cylinder areas, needle dry mass, needle density, and needle flatness when compared to control needles. Marked variations in needle growth were observed 411 DAG, with a smaller number of correlations among almost all studied needle parameters in needles 411 DAG when compared to control needles or needles 227 DAG. Structural development determining needle flatness, needle density, and leaf mass per area (LMA) appeared to have driving factors that were independent of the other studied needle parameters, as correlations with other parameters were not significant in any treatment. The changes in overall needle structure observed after long-term stem girdling provide new insights into the processes that occur as a result of source-sink disturbances. This type of data could be helpful, for example, in studies specifically focused on phloem transport, tree carbon relationships, or investigations modeling gas exchange. Our study might also support gene expression studies, which could provide further knowledge about the regulatory mechanisms that determine needle size and structural form.

Мінливість І Взаємозв’язки Морфолого- Анатомічних Показників Хвої Сосни Звичайної В Умовах Свіжого Субору

“…Параметри хвої залежать як від віку й стану дерев, так і від умов мінерального, повітряного й водного живлення, клімату й погоди, висоти над рівнем моря, антропогенного впливу тощо (Vidyakin 2004, Pashkevych 2007, Neverova et al 2012, Tereschenko 2015, Gebauer et al 2017, Bessonova & Iusypiva 2018, Soboleva et al 2018. Регуляторні механізми, які визначають розмір і форму хвої, є життєво важливими, оскільки дають можливість рослинам адаптуватися до умов довкілля (Gebauer et al 2018). Анатомічні перетворення рослин одночасно регулюють ендогенні та екологічні фактори (Bongard-Pierce et al 1996, Reich et al 1996, Gebauer et al 2017, Jankowski et al 2017.…”