Aims: During plantation development, microbial composition and diversity are critical for the establishment of plant diversity and multiple ecosystem functions. Here we aimed to evaluate the impacts of chronosequence and soil compartment on the bacterial and fungal community compositions, species co-occurrence, and assembly processes in forest ecosystem.Methods: Soils were collected in rhizosphere and bulk soils along a Pinus tabulaeformis plantation chronosequence (15, 30 and 60 years old). The bacterial and fungal communities were determined using amplicon sequencing.Results: The effect of stand age on the soil properties and microbial community structures was stronger than the effect of the soil compartment. In all soil samples, the dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi. Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota were the dominant fungal phyla. Higher turnover rates of soil microbial communities were observed in rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil. Dispersal limitation governed the bacterial and fungal community assembly in all soil samples, and the fungal community was more susceptible to dispersal limitation. The bacterial and fungal keystone species compositions in the rhizosphere had significant positive correlations with the soil total phosphorus and nitrite nitrogen and total nitrogen and total phosphorus, respectively, indicating their importance in soil nitrogen and phosphorus cycling. The complexity of bacterial networks increased along the chronosequence. Fungal network complexity did not show a clear age-related trend but increased from bulk soil to the rhizosphere.Conclusions: During Pinus tabulaeformis plantation development, soil microbial assembly was less environmentally constrained due to an increase in resource availability.