Long-term follow-up of a childhood amnesic syndrome

Wood, Frank; Brown, Idalyn S.; Felton, Rebecca H.

doi:10.1016/0278-2626(89)90076-6

Cited by 56 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…) No. In particularly severe cases of the classic amnesic syndrome, patients can still retrieve semantic knowledge, but episodic memories cannot be retrieved no matter what decision task is employed (e.g., Cermak, 1984;Kitchener, Hodges, & McCarthy, 1998;Klein, Loftus, & Kihlstrom, in press;Markowitsch et al, 1993;Milner, Corkin & Teuber, 1968;Tulving, 1989Tulving, , 1993aTulving, Hayman, & MacDonald, 1991;Vargha-Khadem et al, 1997;Wilson & Wearing, 1995;Wood, Brown, & Felton, 1989). That access to episodes can be knocked out across decision contexts, while semantic access is spared, implies that there are, indeed, separate "archives" for episodic and semantic memories.…”

Section: Implications For Studying the Architecture Of Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions.

Klein

Cosmides

Tooby

et al. 2002

Psychological Review

397

372

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Memory evolved to supply useful, timely information to the organism's decision-making systems. Therefore, decision rules, multiple memory systems, and the search engines that link them should have coevolved to mesh in a coadapted, functionally interlocking way. This adaptationist perspective suggested the scope hypothesis: When a generalization is retrieved from semantic memory, episodic memories that are inconsistent with it should be retrieved in tandem to place boundary conditions on the scope of the generalization. Using a priming paradigm and a decision task involving person memory, the authors tested and confirmed this hypothesis. The results support the view that priming is an evolved adaptation. They further show that dissociations between memory systems are not-and should not be-absolute: Independence exists for some tasks but not others.Memory is a gift of nature, the ability of living organisms to retain and to utilize acquired information or knowledge. . . . Owners of biological memory systems are capable of behaving more appropriately at a later time because of their experiences at an earlier time, a feat not possible for organisms without memory. (Tulving, 1995a, p. 751) If there is one proposition on which all psychologists seem to agree, it is that memory is useful. Memory allows organisms to adjust their behavior on the basis of information they acquire ontogenetically, through their experiences with the world.This connection between personal experience, memory, and behavior implies a close relationship between learning and memory: "Memory in biological systems always entails learning (the acquisition of information) and . . . learning implies retention (memory) of such information" (Tulving, 1995a, p. 751). Recognizing this, psychologists have long exploited learning paradigms to study the properties of memory (e.g., by list learning to probe free recall, cued recall, and recognition).The same connection also implies a close relationship between decision rules 1 and memory. An organism cannot behave "more appropriately"-that is, more adaptively-at a later time because of experiences at an earlier time unless it is equipped with rules that use ontogenetically acquired information to make decisions. Indeed, memory systems must have evolved their structure in response to the informational needs of the decision rules guiding behavior. This is because memory properties that have no impact on an organism's decisions will not be visible to-and hence will not be shaped by-selection. Moreover, because decision rules often differ in what information they require, different sets of decision rules may activate different retrieval processes or search engines and may access different memory systems or sets of memory systems. Without engines that can search for and retrieve the right information, supplying it to the right decision rule at the right time, an organ designed to store ontogenetically acquired information-that is, a memory system-would be a pointless appendage. Hence, adaptive behavior over tim...

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Section: Implications For Studying the Architecture Of Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions.

Klein

Cosmides

Tooby

et al. 2002

Psychological Review

397

372

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…'s amnesia may seem anomalous when compared to some other reports of childhood amnesics, including those with specific hippocampal injury (see, Baddeley, Vargha-Khadem, & Mishkin, 2001;Benedict, Shapiro, Duffner, & Jaeger, 1998;Ostergaard, 1987;Vargha-Khadem, 2001;Vargha-Khadem et al, 1997;Vicari et al, 2007;Wood, Brown, & Felton, 1989). In those cases, semantic memory is reported to survive at normal or near normal levels despite impairments in episodic memory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 49%

Naïve beliefs about the natural world in a case of childhood onset amnesia

Winter¹

2016

Psychol. Thought

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The individual profiled here (M.S.) suffered an episode of severe oxygen deprivation (anoxia) at the age of eight, damaging memory relevant structures in the mid-temporal lobes, including the hippocampus bilaterally. The resulting anterograde amnesia was characterized by profound deficits in autobiographical memory, but also a compromised ability to acquire new facts and information (semantic memory), resulting in the formation of idiosyncratic and naïve beliefs about the natural world that have persisted into his adult years. This article presents an interview with M.S. in which many of these idiosyncratic beliefs are detailed, and argues that they can be broadly viewed as the interaction of; 1) intact frontal lobe functioning that supports the application of rational analysis to his lived experience, and 2) an impoverished factual knowledge base upon which to construct sophisticated and evidence-based models of his lived experience and of natural world processes.

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“…De plus, chez l'enfant présentant une amnésie développementale, le contexte de scolarisation permet, par les indicateurs d'apprentissage académique qu'il procure, d'explorer de manière utile les capacités d'apprentissage sémantique post-morbide des enfants. Wood et ses collaborateurs (1982 ;1989) ont décrit le cas de T.C., une fillette qui, malgré son amnésie profonde, avait pu acquérir des connaissances en lecture, en écriture et atteindre un niveau de développement intellectuel dans les normes. Surpris par les progrès scolaires que T.C.…”

Section: éTudes Sur Des Cas D'amnésie Développementaleunclassified

“…Wood et al (1982) ; Wood, Brown, & Felton (1989) T.C., amnésique à 9 ans (encéphalopathie herpétique) ; aucune lésion détectable. Évaluation des connaissances sémantiques : QI verbal et acquisitions scolaires (apprentissages modérés).…”

Section: Annexesunclassified

L’apprentissage de nouvelles informations sémantiques par les patients amnésiques : une revue de la littérature

Stefaniak¹,

Meulemans

2011

Année psy

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RÉSUMÉL'étude de la capacité qu'ont les patients amnésiques d'apprendre de nouvelles informations sémantiques connaît un regain d'intérêt depuis une dizaine d'années, notamment suite aux travaux de Vargha-Khadem et collaborateurs (1997) et à l'impact de ceux-ci tant sur notre compréhension des relations entre mémoire sémantique et mémoire épisodique que sur la manière d'envisager, au plan clinique, la prise en charge de ces patients. Cette revue de littérature a pour but de présenter l'état de nos connaissances sur ce sujet, en cherchant à répondre à différentes questions : Quelles sont les relations entre mémoire épisodique et mémoire sémantique ? En quoi l'étude de patients amnésiques peut-elle apporter des éléments de réponses dans ce débat ? Les patients amnésiques peuvent-ils véritablement apprendre de nouvelles informations sémantiques ? Et si oui, quelle est l'étendue et la nature des connaissances qu'ils peuvent acquérir ? New semantic learning in amnesia: A review ABSTRACTThe ability of amnesic patients to learn new semantic information is a topic of research that has a renewed interest for about 10 years, in particular following Vargha-Khadem's and collaborators ' (1997) works and the impact of these results both on our understanding of the relations between semantic and episodic memory and, from a clinical point of view, on the way to consider rehabilitation possibilities for these patients. This review aims to present what is known about this topic, by trying to respond to 4 different questions: What are the relations between episodic and semantic memory? Does the study of amnesic

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Long-term follow-up of a childhood amnesic syndrome

Cited by 56 publications

References 6 publications

Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions.

Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions.

Naïve beliefs about the natural world in a case of childhood onset amnesia

L’apprentissage de nouvelles informations sémantiques par les patients amnésiques : une revue de la littérature

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