Long-term Follow-up of Exstrophy-epispadias Complex from a Lower-middle Income Country: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

A Rare Case of Isolated Male Epispadias

“…Nocturnal continence rates rarely approach more than 50%. The main factors contributing to incontinence include the distorted anatomy of the bladder neck and the posterior urethra, along with histological abnormalities in the roof tissues [ 4 ]. Continence generally improves with pubertal onset; this indicates the importance of expectant management.…”

“…Now, the focus lies on employing surgical techniques to maximize the quality of life post-repair. Reconstructive procedures and surgical repair of any cosmetic defect are paramount [ 4 ]. Two surgical techniques have gained widespread adoption for the repair of male epispadias.…”

Outcomes of Cystectomy with MAINZ Pouch II and Epispadias Repair in Exstrophy Epispadias Complex in Adults: A Single-centre Experience from Pakistan

“…The literature on this topic from Pakistan is rare except for few case reports. 7 The reason cystectomy + MAINZ Pouch II surgery was selected for this series is that literature reviews show a high potential of malignancy changes (around 700 times more than normal population) in patients with EEC, when it is exposed to air and left untreated. 11,12 This point is also proven in this data of 17 patients, who were admitted and managed with various forms of operation.…”

“…5 The exact incidence of adult EEC in Pakistan is unknown. There are few case reports in which 12 cases have been reported from Peshawar, 6 one case report from Karachi, 7 and another paper reports 10 cases of EEC in pediatric age group from Karachi. 8 The use of MAINZ Pouch II is very well reported from Germany as a continent diversion after cystectomy in EEC.…”