Long-Term Habituation of θ-Related Activity Components of Albino Rats in the Làt-Maze

Sadile, Adolfo G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-469-6_1

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…These behaviors, namely rearing (i.e., vertical activation) and sniffing activity reflect responses to environmental novelty as well as the emotional state (e.g., stress level) in rodents (Gironi Carnevale et al, 1990;Sadile, 1996). Rearing responses observed upon repeated exposures to the same environment are strongly influenced by interindividual differences in habituation learning, a variety of pharmacologic and toxicologic agents, and, interestingly, cholinergic activity in the forebrain and hippocampus (Thiel et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated Exposures to Subthreshold Doses of Chlorpyrifos in Rats: Hippocampal Damage, Impaired Axonal Transport, and Deficits in Spatial Learning

Terry¹,

Stone²,

Buccafusco³

et al. 2003

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

100

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Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are detectable in the environment for years after use and endanger many populations. Although the effects of acutely toxic doses of many OP compounds are well described, much less is known about repeated low-level exposures. The purpose of these studies was to further evaluate potential toxicological effects of the extensively used OP pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) in rats. CPF, across a range of subthreshold doses (i.e., for acute toxicity), reduced rearing and sniffing activity and the magnitude of weight gain over 14 days of repeated exposure. Performance in a spatial learning task was impaired after 14 days of exposure to CPF (18.0 and 25.0 mg/kg) when testing was initiated 24 h after the last injection but not after a 14-day washout. However, inhibition of both fast anterograde and retrograde axonal transport was observed for up to 20 days after exposure to 25.0 mg/kg CPF. Studies using hippocampal cultures indicated that 8 days of continuous exposure to the parent compound, CPF (Ն100 M), resulted in cell toxicity and death. Furthermore, a dose (2.5 mg/kg) of CPF that had no effects on weight gain or memory performance when administered 5 days per week over 38 days impaired forelimb grip strength in the later days of testing. Collectively, these results indicate that repeated exposures to subthreshold doses of CPF may lead to growth retardation, behavioral abnormalities, and muscle weakness. Some of these symptoms may be attributed to effects of the OP on axonal transport.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated Exposures to Subthreshold Doses of Chlorpyrifos in Rats: Hippocampal Damage, Impaired Axonal Transport, and Deficits in Spatial Learning

Terry¹,

Stone²,

Buccafusco³

et al. 2003

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

100

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“…Mice exposed to a novel environment show explorative behaviors in terms of increased locomotion and rearing activity. When mice are repeatedly placed into the same open‐field a progressive reduction in these exploratory behaviors becomes evident, suggesting that the initially novel environment has become familiar (Cerbone & Sadile, 1994; Sadile, 1996). While locomotion and rearings are parameters that can be taken as measures of behavioral habituation to spatial or environmental novelty, the parameters, time spent in the corners and the center of the open‐field are also measures of open space‐induced anxiety.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The histamine H1‐receptor mediates the motivational effects of novelty

Zlomuzica

Viggiano

Silva

et al. 2008

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Novelty-induced arousal has motivational effects and can reinforce behavior. The mechanisms by which novelty acts as a reinforcer are unknown. Novelty-induced arousal can be either rewarding or aversive dependent on its intensity and the preceding state of arousal. The brain's histamine system has been implicated in both arousal and reinforcement. Histamine and histamine-1-receptor (H1R) agonists induced arousal and wakefulness in humans and rodents, e.g. by stimulating cortical acetylcholine (ACh) release. The H1R has also been implicated in processes of brain reward via interactions with the nigrostriatal- and mesolimbic dopamine (DA) systems. We asked whether the motivational effects of novelty-induced arousal are compromised in H1R knockout (KO) mice. The H1R-KO mice failed to develop a conditioned place-preference induced by novel objects. Even though they still explore novel objects, their reinforcing value is diminished. Furthermore, they showed impaired novelty-induced alternation in the Y-maze. Rearing activity and emotional behavior in a novel environment was also altered in H1R-KO mice, whereas object-place recognition was unaffected. The H1R-KO mice had higher ACh concentrations in the frontal cortex and amygdala (AMY). In the latter, the H1R-KO mice had also increased levels of DA, but a lower dihydrophenylacetic acid/DA ratio. Furthermore, the H1R-KO mice had also increased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the basolateral anterior, basolateral ventral and cortical AMY nuclei. We conclude that the motivational effects of novelty are diminished in H1R-KO mice, possibly due to reduced novelty-induced arousal and/or a dysfunctional brain reward system.

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“…Moreover, LC cells respond to novel or noxious stimuli, conditioned stimuli, and appetitive events (Robbins, 1997; Bouret & Sara, 2002). They play, in fact, regulatory effects on attention and arousal, fear and anxiety, information storage and locomotor activity (for review see Mason, 1981;Cerbone & Sadile, 1994;Sadile, 1996;Robbins, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of Norepinephrine in the Control of Activity and Attentive Processes in Animal Models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Viggiano¹,

Ruocco²,

Arcieri³

et al. 2004

Neural Plasticity

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Functional and morphological studies in children affected by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) suggest a prefrontal cortex (PFc) dysfunction. This cortical region is regulated by subcortical systems including noradrenergic (NEergic), dopaminergic (DAergic), cholinergic, serotonergic, and histaminergic pathways. A wealth of data in humans and in animal models demonstrates altered dopamine (DA) regulation. Drugs that modulate norepinephrine (NE) transmission are also effective in ADHD patients, thus leading to the hypothesis of a NEergic disorder. This review covers the regulation of PFc functions by NE and the interaction between the NE and DA systems, as suggested by pharmacological, electrophysiological, morphological, and gene knock out (KO) studies. A negative feedback between NE and DA neurons emerges from KO studies because KO mice showing increased (NE transporter (NET) KO) or decreased (DBH and VMAT2 KO) NE levels are respectively associated with lower and higher DA levels. Locomotor activity can be generally predicted by the DA level, whereas sensitivity to amphetamines is by NE/DA balance. Some animal models of ADHD, such as spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), show alterations in the PFc and in the DA system. Evidence about a correlation between the NE system and hyper-locomotion activity in such animals has not yet been clarified. Therefore, this review also includes recent evidence on the behavioral effects of two NET blockers, reboxetine and atomoxetine, in two animal models of ADHD: SHR and Naples High Excitability rats. As these drugs modulate the DA level in the PFc, certain effects are likely to be due to a rebalanced DA system. We discuss the significance of the results for theories of ADHD and make suggestions for future experimentation.

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Long-Term Habituation of θ-Related Activity Components of Albino Rats in the Làt-Maze

Cited by 17 publications

References 78 publications

Repeated Exposures to Subthreshold Doses of Chlorpyrifos in Rats: Hippocampal Damage, Impaired Axonal Transport, and Deficits in Spatial Learning

Repeated Exposures to Subthreshold Doses of Chlorpyrifos in Rats: Hippocampal Damage, Impaired Axonal Transport, and Deficits in Spatial Learning

The histamine H1‐receptor mediates the motivational effects of novelty

Involvement of Norepinephrine in the Control of Activity and Attentive Processes in Animal Models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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