Long-term harvesting effects on skid road in a fir (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf.) plantation forest

Makineci, Ender; Demir, Murat; Yılmaz, Ersel

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.01.003

Cited by 30 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…That the forest floor removed was completely at 20 passes and the differences in forest floor between 14 and 20 passes was significant could probably be explained by the fact that rutting occurred at 14 passes but subsequent passes lead to an increase in rut depth then the residual forest floor was totally mixed with mineral soil. Impacts of skidding on the forest floor characteristics showed similar results in many researches (Arocena, 2000;Demir et al, 2007;Makineci et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Soil disturbance following four wheel rubber skidder logging on the steep trail in the north mountainous forest of Iran

Najafi

Solgi

Sadeghi

2009

Soil and Tillage Research

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Soil disturbance following four wheel rubber skidder logging on the steep trail in the north mountainous forest of Iran

Najafi

Solgi

Sadeghi

2009

Soil and Tillage Research

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“…Soil degradation, both erosion and compaction, is a major concern with the use of heavy machinery on off-road surfaces (Horn et al 2004;Demir et al 2007;Makineci et al 2007;Zenner et al 2007). Soil erosion is a problem in itself, as it degrades the site's productivity, can be visually unappealing and can seriously affect water quality if not properly managed (Modrý & Hubený 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of terrain steepness on machine slope when harvesting

Visser

Berkett

2015

International Journal of Forest Engineering

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Harvesting timber on steep terrain can be both expensive and have higher safety risks. Using ground-based machines on steep terrain has the potential to decrease harvest costs and improve safety through the mechanization of manual forest tasks such as tree felling and choker-setting. To better understand the true range of slopes on which forest machines are operating, a digital accelerometer was attached to 22 forest machines to capture real-time measurements of machine slope. A total of 18 studies were completed in commercial pine plantation operations in New Zealand, and two carried out in Austria and Norway respectively. Site selection deliberately focused on ground-based operations that were working on steep terrain. Machine slope, as measured on the carrier base, was captured using a digital accelerometer at a frequency of 2 Hz, and a GPS unit to capture location data simultaneously. Terrain slope was calculated using two different methods in ArcGIS®; one was based on a triangular irregular network (TIN) file and one was based on a raster file. The evaluated machines were grouped into one of four machine types; felling (n = 4), shovelling (n = 5), skidder (n = 9) or "European" (n = 4). A characterization of the European machines studied was that they were purpose built steep terrain machines, whereas the New Zealand felling and shovelling machines were modified excavators. The machines were analyzed and compared with respect to machine slope (actual) and terrain slope (predicted) based on a digital terrain map and the machines location. All machines studied operated on slopes that exceed the New Zealand Approved Code of Practice guideline of 17 and 22°slope for wheeled and tracked machines respectively. New Zealand-based machines were shown to exceed the guidelines for terrain slope much more frequently, and by a greater margin, than European-based machines. Linear regression showed that the relationship between machine slope and terrain slope was poor for all machines, indicating that terrain slope is a poor predictor for managing machine slope.

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“…To capitalize on timber resources, forests are often harvested with heavy machinery which has potential to alter soil properties, thereby reducing forest productivity and quality of ecosystem services (Cambi et al, 2015;Miwa et al, 2004). The effects of heavy equipment traffic on soil properties and forest productivity have been investigated around the world (Horn et al, 2004;Makineci et al, 2007;Murphy et al, 2004;Naghdi et al, 2016;Pinard et al, 2000;Powers et al, 2005;Rab, 2004). Forest harvest related soil disturbances that have been associated with decreased forest productivity include compaction (Greacen and Sands, 1980;Moehring and Rawls, 1970), decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity (Gent et al, 1984(Gent et al, , 1983, poor aeration (Aust et al, 1998a(Aust et al, , 1995(Aust et al, , 1993Xu et al, 2002), reduced nutrient availability (Powers et al, 2005;Tan et al, 2005), increased mechanical resistance to root penetration (Carter et al, 2007;Hatchell et al, 1970;Lockaby and Vidrine, 1984), and organic matter displacement (Powers et al, 2005;Rab, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil properties in site prepared loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands 25 years after wet weather harvesting in the lower Atlantic coastal plain

Neaves

Aust

Bolding

et al. 2017

Forest Ecology and Management

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Harvesting traffic may alter soil properties and reduce forest productivity if soil disturbances are not mitigated. Logging operations were conducted during high soil moisture conditions on the South Carolina, USA coast to salvage timber and reduce wildfire potential following Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Long term study sites were established on wet pine flats to evaluate effects of primary skid trails and site preparation on soil properties and loblolly pine productivity. The experiment was analyzed as a split-plot within an unbalanced randomized complete block design having 12 blocks, two levels of traffic (primary skid trail (On), no obvious traffic (Off)) and four levels of site preparation (bedding (Bed), disking with bedding (D/B), disking (Disk), no site preparation (None)). Remeasurement of the study was conducted in 2015 at 25 years after salvage logging (stand age 23 years). Bed and D/B treatments had greater saturated hydraulic conductivity (p = 0.0567) and macroporosity (p = 0.0071) and lower bulk density (p = 0.0226) values than Disk and None treatments. Macroporosity benefits were evident two years after site preparation installation, but bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity were not, suggesting these two measurements were affected over time by differences in rooting activity influenced by initial aeration benefits. Depth to iron depletion (p = 0.0055) was significantly greater and soil carbon (p < 0.0001) was significantly lower in Bed and D/B treatments due to bed elevation above the water table and improved drainage. This implies greater aeration for roots, but trade-offs in aboveground biomass and soil carbon storage. However, above and below ground carbon differences balanced one another between treatments so that combined carbon storage in soil and above ground loblolly pine biomass was not significantly different by site preparation treatment (p = 0.1127). Bed and D/B resulted in approximately double the stand biomass (p < 0.0001) and stand density (p < 0.0001) than Disk and None. Bed and D/B generally created more favorable soil properties and enhanced long term loblolly pine stand productivity. Differences in soil properties and stand productivity between traffic levels, with and without site preparation, were negligible suggesting natural soil recovery mechanisms were mitigated effects of wet site harvesting over 25 years.

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Long-term harvesting effects on skid road in a fir (Abies bornmulleriana Mattf.) plantation forest

Cited by 30 publications

References 26 publications

Soil disturbance following four wheel rubber skidder logging on the steep trail in the north mountainous forest of Iran

Soil disturbance following four wheel rubber skidder logging on the steep trail in the north mountainous forest of Iran

Effect of terrain steepness on machine slope when harvesting

Soil properties in site prepared loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands 25 years after wet weather harvesting in the lower Atlantic coastal plain

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