Long-term health outcomes associated with hydration status

Association between Urine Specific Gravity as a Measure of Hydration Status and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The Kailuan Prospective Cohort Study

“…However, no prospective association between hydration status and diabetes has been explored based on urine specific gravity. Our findings provide additional prospective associations that, compared to the reference group (USG < 1.010, corresponding to other markers of good hydration, e.g., plasma copeptin < 3pmol/L, plasma osmolality 285 mOsmol/kg, and blood sodium ions 140 mmol/L) [ 13 ], under-hydration (1.020 ≤ USG < 1.030 or 1.020 ≤ USG < 1.025) and clinical dehydration (USG ≥ 1.030 or USG ≥ 1.025) both increased the risk of T2D. Moreover, our findings emphasized that increased risk starts at levels of under-hydration that are much milder than clinical dehydration.…”

“…Water plays a crucial role in human cells, and adequate hydration helps to perform carrier functions such as intake of various nutrients, functional regulation, energy production, and maintaining body vigor [ 12 ]. Currently, a systematic review summarized the long-term, adverse effects of underhydration on health outcomes, emphasizing the importance of optimizing hydration status for chronic disease prevention [ 13 ]. Moreover, some population-based studies also demonstrated that dehydration had adverse effects on chronic diseases [ 14 , 15 ], renal impairment [ 16 ], cognitive performance [ 17 ], cardiovascular health [ 18 ], and both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality [ 19 ].…”

“…Current biological evidence suggests that inadequate hydration status increases vasopressin (AVP) levels, thereby mediating organs such as the pancreatic islets, liver, and hypothalamus and causing imbalances in blood glucose levels, which affects the metabolic system and ultimately leads to diabetes [ 23 ]. With hydration status gaining attention, several observational studies have found significant associations between markers of dehydration and increased risk of diabetes [ 13 ]. For example, there are several studies showing associations between increased copeptin level (a surrogate measure of AVP, and therefore a measure of hydration status) and the risk of diabetes [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Ten tips on how to care for your CKD patients in episodes of extreme heat

“…Hypernatraemia is a risk factor for CKD, hypertension and an array of metabolic conditions [ 14–17 ]. Recent studies suggest that a serum sodium in the upper limits of the normal range confers metabolic risk, a condition referred to as underhydration [ 16 , 17 ]. It is hypothesized that underhydration leads to chronic stimulation of vasopressin [ 18 ].…”

Risk for hypertension and heart failure linked to high normal serum sodium and tonicity in electronic medical records

“…Recent findings suggest that optimal hydration could serve as a preventive strategy to decelerate aging and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. This hypothesis originates from several longitudinal epidemiological studies that have associated indicators of poor hydration-such as elevated plasma copeptin levels, increased serum sodium, tonicity, and osmolality, as well as reduced urine volume and higher urine osmolality-with a heightened risk of chronic diseases and early death (reviewed in 6 ). Support for this hypothesis comes from an intervention study in mice; lifelong water restriction shortened their lifespan and led to degenerative changes that suggest accelerated aging 7 .…”