Long-term intake of Korean red ginseng in HIV-1-infected patients: development of resistance mutation to zidovudine is delayed

Cho, Young Keol; Sung, Heungsup; Lee, Hee Jung; Joo, Chul Hyun; Cho, Goon Jae

doi:10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00061-3

Cited by 52 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been used singly or together with AZT for HIV-1-infected patients since late 1991 as an alternative medicine (6). Several beneficial effects have been reported, including delayed development of AZT resistance mutations and maintenance of CD4 T-cell counts with KRG therapy only for 10 years (6)(7)(8). Surprisingly, the frequency of genetic defects of HIV-1 appears dependent on the level of KRG intake (5).…”

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confidence: 99%

Beneficial Effects of a Combination of Korean Red Ginseng and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients

Sung

Jung²,

Cho³

2009

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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To determine whether Korean red ginseng (KRG) has beneficial effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients administered highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), we analyzed the CD4 T-cell count, viral load, and resistance mutations to HAART in 46 individuals. Thirteen patients harbored resistance mutations at baseline. The study population was divided into two groups: specifically, a group treated with a combination of HAART plus KRG (23 patients) and a group treated with HAART alone (23 patients). The annual increase in CD4 T-cell count in the combination group was significantly higher than that in the group treated with HAART alone (P < 0.05). Overall, 21 patients harbored resistance mutations after 3 years of therapy. Following exclusion of 13 patients displaying baseline resistance mutations, 7.1% of patients (1/14) in the combination group and 42.1% (8/19) in the HAART group were identified with resistance mutations. One patient with baseline resistance mutations in the combination group did not display resistance mutations 3 years after HAART therapy. High-level resistance mutations were significantly lower in the combination group than in the group treated with HAART alone. Five patients showed no improvement in viral copy number (26.3% [5/19]) in the combination group and 9 (45.0% [9/20]) showed no improvement in the HAART-only group. Our data support the clinical utility of KRG intake during HAART therapy.

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confidence: 99%

Beneficial Effects of a Combination of Korean Red Ginseng and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients

Sung

Jung²,

Cho³

2009

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…We presume that the reason for the lack of Q151M in this study is mainly the short duration of two-drug combination therapy with ZDV plus ddI or 3TC compared to that in other studies, and the absence of this finding may be due in part to long-term intake of KRG (6). The reason for the latter conclusion is that in patient 34, treated with ddI monotherapy for 29 months, L74V for ddI was detected as early as month 14 of therapy, whereas in patient 35, treated with the combination of ddI for 22 months and KRG for 96 months, no mutation was detected during 22 months of ddI therapy, although the patient did not take ddI and KRG for the most recent 9 months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Twenty-eight patients were treated with KRG for Ͼ6 months, and 4 patients (15,24,26, and 34) were treated for KRG for Ͻ6 months. The daily dose of KRG was 5.4 g. Patients were told to take six capsules (300 mg per capsule) orally three times daily (1,3,6 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of two vials stored at Ϫ80°C was thawed and centrifuged. Cell pellets were denatured by heating for 10 min at 95°C (6).…”

Section: Cd4mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Denatured DNA samples (10 l) were amplified by nested PCR. The outer primer pairs were JA99 (25) or JA100 (21) and RIT 137, and the three inner primer pairs were 523 and 526 for fragment A (257 bp), RT-A and RT-D for fragment B (428 bp), and 527 and 530 for fragment C (239 bp) (5,6). After the first denaturation at 95°C for 3 min, 30 cycles were run at 94°C for 30 s, 50 and 72°C for 1 min each, and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min.…”

Section: Cd4mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequency of Mutations Conferring Resistance to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients in Korea

Cho¹,

Sung

Ahn³

et al. 2002

J Clin Microbiol

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A nested PCR and direct sequencing methods were used to define human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) reverse transcriptase codons 41 to 219 in DNA from 127 peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples obtained from 35 patients treated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). The follow-up period after the initiation of NRTI therapy was 61.8 ؎ 31 months (mean and standard deviation). In addition to NRTI therapy, 32 of 35 patients were simultaneously treated with Korean red ginseng. The annual decrease in the CD4 ؉ T-cell count over 5 years was 13.2/l. Twenty-eight (80%) of the 35 patients had mutations conferring resistance to NRTI. The frequencies of K70R, T215S/Y/F (i.e., mutation of T at codon 215 to S, Y, or F), D67N/E, K219Q, T69N/S/A, M41L, and L210W mutations conferring resistance to zidovudine were 57.6, 36.4, 36.4, 27.2, 24.2, 21.2, and 12.1%, respectively. Mutations conferring resistance to didanosine and lamivudine were detected in 2 (L74V and M184I; 14.2%) of 11 patients tested and in 4 (M184V; 57%) of 7 patients tested, respectively. In particular, the frequency of T69N/S/A increased sharply after more than 48 months of zidovudine monotherapy. However, Q151M was not detected. As the first report on the frequency of NRTI resistance mutations in Korea, our data suggest that genotypic antiretroviral drug testing should be considered for the design of better drug regimens to improve the management of HIV-1-infected patients.

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Naturally derived anti‐HIV agents

Asres

Seyoum

Veeresham

et al. 2005

Phytotherapy Research

150

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The urgent need for new anti-HIV/AIDS drugs is a global concern. In addition to obvious economical and commercial hurdles, HIV/AIDS patients are faced with multifarious difficulties associated with the currently approved anti-HIV drugs. Adverse effects, the emergence of drug resistance and the narrow spectrum of activity have limited the therapeutic usefulness of the various reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors that are currently available on the market. This has driven many scientists to look for new anti-retrovirals with better efficacy, safety and affordability. As has always been the case in the search for cures, natural sources offer great promise. Several natural products, mostly of plant origin have been shown to possess promising activities that could assist in the prevention and/or amelioration of the disease. Many of these anti-HIV agents have other medicinal values as well, which afford them further prospective as novel leads for the development of new drugs that can deal with both the virus and the various disorders that characterize HIV/AIDS. The aim of this review is to report new discoveries and updates pertaining to anti-HIV natural products. In the review anti-HIV agents have been classified according to their chemical classes rather than their target in the HIV replicative cycle, which is the most frequently encountered approach. Perusal of the literature revealed that most of these promising naturally derived anti-HIV compounds are flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides or proteins. It is our strong conviction that the results and experiences with many of the anti-HIV natural products will inspire and motivate even more researchers to look for new leads from plants and other natural sources.

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Long-term intake of Korean red ginseng in HIV-1-infected patients: development of resistance mutation to zidovudine is delayed

Cited by 52 publications

References 14 publications

Beneficial Effects of a Combination of Korean Red Ginseng and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients

Beneficial Effects of a Combination of Korean Red Ginseng and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients

Frequency of Mutations Conferring Resistance to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients in Korea

Naturally derived anti‐HIV agents

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