Long-term light adaptation of the human electroretinogram.

Armington, John C.; Biersdorf, William R.

doi:10.1037/h0044572

Cited by 40 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…T he amplitude of the cone electroretinogram (ERG) increases slowly during the course of light adaptation (Burian 1954;Armington & Biersdorf 1958;Gouras & MacKay 1989). Although there have been numerous reports on this phenomenon in humans (Miyake et al 1987;Peachey et al , 1992 and several different species of animals (Hood 1972a, b;Miyake et al 1988;Peachey et al 1993), the exact mechanism responsible for the increase remains uncertain.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cone electroretinogram amplitude growth with light adaptation in patients with retinitis pigmentosa

Yamamoto

Hayashi

Takeuchi

2000

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: It has been hypothesized that the increase in the b-wave during light adaptation is directly related to the level of cone malfunction in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Because this hypothesis has important bearing on the mechanism for the increase in the electroretinogram (ERG), we examined the increase in the amplitude of the cone ERG during light adaptation in patients with typical RP. Methods: Cone ERGs were recorded to Ganzfeld white flash stimuli in the presence of white background illumination in 51 RP patients and in 27 normal subjects. Results: In the normals, the increase in the b-wave amplitude during light adaptation ranged from 14-92% of the dark-adapted amplitude. All RP patients showed an amplitude increase that ranged from 5 to 100% of the baseline amplitude. This increase was not significantly different from that of the normals (pΩ 0.71, unpaired t-test). The baseline amplitudes and the increase in the relative amplitude were weakly correlated in the RP patients (rΩ0.31; pΩ0.029). No significant difference was observed in the amplitude increase between patients with near normal b-wave implicit times and those with delayed times (pΩ0.17, unpaired t-test). Changes of the b-wave implicit time were not significantly different from those in the controls. Conclusion: These findings that the changes in the cone ERG with light adaptation in the RP patients were very similar to those in normal subjects do not support the proposed hypothesis that the increase in the b-wave amplitude during light adaptation was directly related to the level of cone malfunction.

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Cone electroretinogram amplitude growth with light adaptation in patients with retinitis pigmentosa

Yamamoto

Hayashi

Takeuchi

2000

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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“…The conedriven flash responses grow substantially within the first 10 min after switching on a rod-saturating background light (Burian 1954;Armington and Biersdorf 1958;Gouras and McKay 1989;Peachey et al 1993). This includes growth in the a-wave, the b-wave, and the oscillatory potentials, indicating changes at several levels of retinal processing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mesopic background lights enhance dark-adapted cone ERG flash responses in the intact mouse retina: a possible role for gap junctional decoupling

Heikkinen

Vinberg

Nymark

et al. 2011

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Heikkinen H, Vinberg F, Nymark S, Koskelainen A. Mesopic background lights enhance dark-adapted cone ERG flash responses in the intact mouse retina: a possible role for gap junctional decoupling. J Neurophysiol 105: 2309 -2318, 2011. First published March 9, 2011 doi:10.1152/jn.00536.2010.-The cone-driven flash responses of mouse electroretinogram (ERG) increase as much as twofold over the course of several minutes during adaptation to a rod-compressing background light. The origins of this phenomenon were investigated in the present work by recording preflash-isolated (M-)cone flash responses ex vivo in darkness and during application of various steady background lights. In this protocol, the cone stimulating flash was preceded by a preflash that maintains rods under saturation (hyperpolarized) to allow selective stimulation of the cones at varying background light levels. The light-induced growth was found to represent true enhancement of cone flash responses with respect to their darkadapted state. It developed within minutes, and its overall magnitude was a graded function of the background light intensity. The threshold intensity of cone response growth was observed with lights in the low mesopic luminance region, at which rod responses are partly compressed. Maximal effect was reached at intensities sufficient to suppress ϳ90% of the rod responses. Light-induced enhancement of the cone photoresponses was not sensitive to antagonists and agonists of glutamatergic transmission. However, applying gap junction blockers to the dark-adapted retina produced qualitatively similar changes in the cone flash responses as did background light and prevented further growth during subsequent light-adaptation. These results are consistent with the idea that cone ERG photoresponses are suppressed in the dark-adapted mouse retina by gap junctional coupling between rods and cones. This coupling would then be gradually and reversibly removed by mesopic background lights, allowing larger functional range for the cone light responses.photoreceptor; retina; rod-cone coupling; light adaptation; electroretinogram THE VERTEBRATE RETINA IS A specialized neural tissue that collects, processes, and transmits information about the spatial, spectral, and temporal features of the light reaching the eye. Through a range of powerful adaptational mechanisms, the retina manages to produce visual information over 10 9 -fold range of light-intensities. The grounds for this impressive performance are laid already at the level of photoreceptor cells, which adjust their signal transduction cascade in response to changes in the average illumination level. Visual processing is further optimized by the existence of two main photoreceptor classes: the highly sensitive rods convey visual messages in darkness, while the higher temporal performance and faster adaptation of daylight vision are based on the function of the cones. However, between these two extremes there is a significant range of light conditions at which these two photoreceptor classes ...

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“…a-, b-, d-waves and oscillatory potentials (OPs)] are enhanced as a result of this process [1][2][3][4][5], with the b-wave demonstrating the most pronounced effect as it nearly doubles in amplitude within the first 15 min or so of LA [1,3]. The magnitude of the LAE was also suggested to be stimulus dependent, the effect increasing with brighter flashes [2,3,[6][7][8].…”

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confidence: 98%

“…Previously advanced explanations include change in the standing potential of the retina [6], repolarization of the cones following their hyperpolarization by the adapting light [2] and change in the volume of retinal extracellular space [5]. Furthermore, given that nearly all the ERG components are affected, more than one retinal mechanism is likely to be involved in generating the LAE, a concept that was previously advanced by Murayama and Sieving [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Although the LAE was first documented more than half a century ago [6,9], the retinal mechanisms at its origin are not fully understood. Previously advanced explanations include change in the standing potential of the retina [6], repolarization of the cones following their hyperpolarization by the adapting light [2] and change in the volume of retinal extracellular space [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Asymmetrical growth of the photopic hill during the light adaptation effect

et al. 2010

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In response to progressively stronger flashes delivered against a rod saturating background light, the amplitude of the photopic ERG b-wave first increases, reaches a maximal value (V (max)) and then decreases gradually to a plateau where the amplitude of the b-wave equals that of the a-wave, a phenomenon known as the photopic hill (PH). The purpose of this study was to investigate how the PH grew during the course of the light adaptation (LA) process that follows a period of dark adaptation (DA): the so-called light adaptation effect (LAE). Photopic ERG (time-integrated) luminance-response (LR) functions were obtained prior to (control-fully light adapted) and at 0, 5 and 10 min of LA following a 30-min period of DA. A mathematical model combining a Gaussian and a logistic growth function, suggested to reflect the OFF and ON retinal contribution to the PH respectively, was fitted to the LR functions thus obtained. Our results indicate that the magnitude of the cone ERG LAE is modulated by the stimulus luminance, with b-wave enhancements being maximal for luminance levels that result in the descent of the PH. The Gaussian function grew significantly with LA while the logistic growth function remained basically unchanged. Our findings would therefore suggest that the LAE reflects primarily an increase in the retinal OFF response during LA.

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Long-term light adaptation of the human electroretinogram.

Cited by 40 publications

References 10 publications

Cone electroretinogram amplitude growth with light adaptation in patients with retinitis pigmentosa

Cone electroretinogram amplitude growth with light adaptation in patients with retinitis pigmentosa

Mesopic background lights enhance dark-adapted cone ERG flash responses in the intact mouse retina: a possible role for gap junctional decoupling

Asymmetrical growth of the photopic hill during the light adaptation effect

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