Long-term Marijuana Use and Cognitive Impairment in Middle Age

Hall, Wayne; Lynskey, Michael T.

doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7850

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…As recently summarized by Hall and Lynskey, “case‐control studies have generally found poorer verbal learning, memory, and attention in those who regularly use marijuana than in controls; the size of these differences usually has been related to the duration and frequency of marijuana use”. Some studies suggest that cognition can recover fully when use stops, while others indicate that only partial recovery is possible.…”

Section: Effects On Brain and Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traditional marijuana, high‐potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids: increasing risk for psychosis

et al. 2016

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Epidemiological evidence demonstrates that cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of psychotic outcomes, and confirms a doseresponse relationship between the level of use and the risk of later psychosis. High-potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids carry the greatest risk. Experimental administration of tetrahydrocannabinol, the active ingredient of cannabis, induces transient psychosis in normal subjects, but this effect can be ameliorated by co-administration of cannabidiol. This latter is a constituent of traditional hashish, but is largely absent from modern high-potency forms of cannabis. Argument continues over the extent to which genetic predisposition is correlated to, or interacts with, cannabis use, and what proportion of psychosis could be prevented by minimizing heavy use. As yet, there is not convincing evidence that cannabis use increases risk of other psychiatric disorders, but there are no such doubts concerning its detrimental effect on cognitive function. All of the negative aspects are magnified if use starts in early adolescence. Irrespective of whether use of cannabis is decriminalized or legalized, the evidence that it is a component cause of psychosis is now sufficient for public health messages outlining the risk, especially of regular use of high-potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids.Key words: Cannabis, psychosis, marijuana, synthetic cannabinoids, cognitive function, brain structure, genetic predisposition, early adolescence (World Psychiatry 2016;15:195-204) The use of cannabis has been illegal in most countries since the 1930s, but this has not deterred use 1 . Currently, cannabis is used by around 180 million people globally 2 . The tensions produced by this unsatisfactory situation have resulted in much attention being paid to the legal status of cannabis.Possession of the drug in small quantities has been decriminalized officially in countries such as Portugal and the Netherlands, and unofficially in many more. In 2013, Uruguay became the first nation to legalize the sale, cultivation and distribution of cannabis 3 . Four US states have also legalized recreational use, and another twenty-five US states as well as Canada permit so-called "medicinal marijuana". While Uruguay has strict rules concerning access, laws vary state by state in the US, with policy being increasingly driven by entrepreneurs in search of profit, and law makers in search of taxes.Given the above, it seems likely that consumption of cannabis will increase rather than decrease. This makes it imperative to understand the possible adverse consequences of use, even if they only affect a minority of users. In this paper we start by reviewing cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system. We then focus on cannabis use and risk of psychiatric disorder, particularly psychosis, before touching on the effects on cognition and brain structure. CANNABINOIDS AND THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEMCannabis contains over one hundred cannabinoids 4 , the most important of which are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and ...

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Section: Effects On Brain and Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traditional marijuana, high‐potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids: increasing risk for psychosis

et al. 2016

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“…Most studies have focused on THC effects within the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and specifically, changes in cognitive and executive functioning, learning, memory, and attention [ 54 , 85 ]. Results of human studies have shown that chronic use of THC resulted in impaired cognitive and executive functions, including short-term memory, verbal episodic memory, attention, and learning capabilities [ 84 , 86 , 87 , 88 ]. This has been demonstrated in numerous rodent models as well [ 89 , 90 , 91 ].…”

Section: δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Thc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, there were human studies suggesting that midlife cannabis use, even when used chronically, had no effects on verbal recall and other cognitive functions [ 87 ]; while in other cases, rodent models that went as far as to propose that THC at low doses had the ability to restore the cognitive performance of advanced-age mice back to the hippocampal gene expression levels of 2-month-old mice (considered young) [ 94 ]. Chronic THC use in rodent and human studies, and given shortly before cognitive tests (verbal learning tests and recognition recall), resulted in decreased cognitive performance and decreased activity in brain regions involved in memory and attention, as well as synaptic changes and reduced volume within the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum [ 86 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 ]. These same findings were supported in rodent models [ 91 , 105 , 106 ] in studies that used the Morris water maze/spatial memory and novel object recognition to test cognitive function).…”

Section: δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Thc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) on Obesity at Different Stages of Life: A Literature Review

Fearby

Penman

Thanos

2022

IJERPH

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The Cannabis sativa plant has historically been used for both recreational and medical purposes. With the recent surge in recreational use of cannabis among adolescents and adults in particular, there is an increased obligation to determine the short- and long-term effects that consuming this plant may have on several aspects of the human psyche and body. The goal of this article was to examine the negative effects of obesity, and how the use of Δ9-tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) or cannabidiol (CBD) can impact rates of this global pandemic at different timepoints of life. Conflicting studies have been reported between adult and adolescents, as there are reports of THC use leading to increased weight due to elevated appetite and consumption of food, while others observed a decrease in overall body weight due to the regulation of omega-6/omega-3 endocannabinoid precursors and a decrease in energy expenditure. Studies supported a positive correlation between prenatal cannabis use and obesity rates in the children as they matured. The data did not indicate a direct connection between prenatal THC levels in cannabis and obesity rates, but that this development may occur due to prenatal THC consumption leading to low birthweight, and subsequent obesity. Due to the fact that there are not many studies that directly measured the effects that prenatal THC administration has on obesity risks within offspring, this could potentially be a topic of interest to investigate closer in the future.

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“…Cannabis is the most abused illicit drug ( Centre, 2020 ) and about one out of every ten people who have used cannabis are likely to develop CUD ( Copeland & Swift, 2009 ). Long-term marijuana use can cause memory impairment ( Hall & Lynskey, 2016 ) and can significantly negatively impact on physical health ( Feeney & Kampman, 2016 ). Furthermore, regular cannabis use is associated with structural and functional changes in the brain ( Nader & Sanchez, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A discriminant analysis model of psychosocial predictors of problematic Internet use and cannabis use disorder in university students

Akbari¹,

Bahadori²,

Mohammadkhani³

et al. 2021

Addictive Behaviors Reports

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Highlights A discriminant analysis model of psychosocial factors was devised to differentiate between PIU and CUD. Compared to the control group, the PIU group had higher scores on motor, attentional and non-planning impulsiveness; tolerance of frustration, emotional pain, and ambiguity; negative and positive metacognitions, need to control thoughts, and cognitive confidence; and RNT. Compared to the control group, the CUD group had lower scores on family and significant other support; and had higher scores on motor and non-planning impulsiveness; tolerance of frustration, emotional pain, and ambiguity; suppression; need to control thoughts; and RNT. Social support, tolerance of physical discomfort, reappraisal, and cognitive confidence play a significant role in discriminating PIU and CUD. The classification analysis results showed that 68.8% of the control group, 70.8% of the PIU group, and 81.3% of the CUD group were correctly classified in their respective groups based on the predictor variables.

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Long-term Marijuana Use and Cognitive Impairment in Middle Age

Cited by 12 publications

References 9 publications

Traditional marijuana, high‐potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids: increasing risk for psychosis

Traditional marijuana, high‐potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids: increasing risk for psychosis

Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) on Obesity at Different Stages of Life: A Literature Review

A discriminant analysis model of psychosocial predictors of problematic Internet use and cannabis use disorder in university students

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