Long‐term memory is the representational basis for semantic verbal short‐term memory

Cameron, Katherine A.; Haarmann, Henk J.; Grafman, Jordan; Ruchkin, Daniel S.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00357.x

Cited by 32 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…That is, delay-period activity from every ROI were reliably classified as matching the stimulus category of the trial. This result indicates that the classifier successfully differentiated visuospatial from phonological (Baddeley, 1986) from semantic (Haarmann & Usher, 2001; Martin, Wu, Freedman, Jackson, & Lesch, 2003; Shivde & Thompson-Schill, 2004; Cameron, Haarmann, Grafman, & Ruchkin, 2005) STM, and all three from the resting state activity recorded during the ITI. Prediction accuracy for each category in all ROIs was significantly above chance based on independent-sample t-tests across participants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Decoding the internal focus of attention

Lewis-Peacock

Postle

2012

Neuropsychologia

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The significance of the recent introduction to cognitive neuroscience of multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) is that, unlike univariate approaches which are limited to identifying magnitudes of activity in localized parts of the brain, it affords the detection and characterization of patterns of activity distributed within and across multiple brain regions. This technique supports stronger inferences because it captures neural representations that have markedly higher selectivity than do univariate activation peaks. Recently, we used MVPA to assess the neural consequences of dissociating the internal focus of attention from short-term memory (STM), finding that the information represented in delay-period activity corresponds only to the former (Lewis-Peacock, Drysdale, Oberauer, & Postle, in press). Here we report several additional analyses of these data in which we directly compared the results generated by MVPA vs. those generated by univariate analyses. The sensitivity of MVPA to subtle variations in patterns of distributed brain activity revealed a novel insight: Although overall activity remains elevated in category-selective brain regions corresponding to unattended STM items, the multivariate patterns of activity within these regions reflect the representation of a different category, i.e., the one that is currently being attended to. In addition, MVPA was able to dissociate attended from unattended STM items in brain regions whose univariate activity did not appear to be sensitive to the task. These findings highlight the fallacy of the assumption of homogeneity of representation within putative category-selective regions. They affirm the view that neural representations in STM are highly distributed and overlapping, and they demonstrate the necessity of multivariate analysis for dissociating such representations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Decoding the internal focus of attention

Lewis-Peacock

Postle

2012

Neuropsychologia

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“…However, substantial evidence from behavioral (Rose, Buchsbaum, & Craik, 2014;Shivde & Anderson, 2011), neuropsychological (Barde, Schwartz, Chrysikou, & Thompson-Schill, 2010;Hamilton & Martin, 2007;Martin, 2005), EEG (Cameron, Haarmann, Grafman, & Ruchkin, 2005;Ruchkin, Grafman, Cameron, & Berndt, 2003), and fMRI (Fiebach, Friederici, Smith, & Swinney, 2007;Shivde & ThompsonSchill, 2004) studies suggest that deeper, semantic codes and associated representational cortical areas do support WM in many situations. For instance, deeper (semantic) LOP at encoding benefits WM when active maintenance processes are disrupted (Rose et al, 2014).…”

Section: Semantic Wmmentioning

confidence: 96%

Levels of Processing in Working Memory: Differential Involvement of Frontotemporal Networks

Rose

Craik

Buchsbaum

2015

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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How does the brain maintain to-be-remembered information in working memory (WM), particularly when the focus of attention is drawn to processing other information? Cognitive models of WM propose that when items are displaced from focal attention recall involves retrieval from long-term memory (LTM). In this fMRI study, we tried to clarify the role of LTM in performance on a WM task and the type of representation that is used to maintain an item in WM during rehearsal-filled versus distractor-filled delays. Participants made a deep or shallow levels-of-processing (LOP) decision about a single word at encoding and tried to recall the word after a delay filled with either rehearsal of the word or a distracting math task. Recalling one word after 10 sec of distraction demonstrated behavioral and neural indices of retrieval from LTM (i.e., LOP effects and medial-temporal lobe activity). In contrast, recall after rehearsal activated cortical areas that reflected reporting the word from focal attention. In addition, areas that showed an LOP effect at encoding (e.g., left ventrolateral VLPFC and the anterior temporal lobes [ATLs]) were reactivated at recall, especially when recall followed distraction. Moreover, activity in left VLPFC during encoding, left ATL during the delay, and left hippocampus during retrieval predicted recall success after distraction. Whereas shallow LOP and rehearsal-related areas supported active maintenance of one item in focal attention, the behavioral processes and neural substrates that support LTM supported recall of one item after it was displaced from focal attention.

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“…In addition, Ruchkin et al (1999Ruchkin et al ( , 2003 report event-related potential (ERP) effects of lexical status, word frequency, and word concreteness during the retention period of a verbal WM task. Furthermore, Cameron, Haarmann, Grafman, and Ruchkin (2005) report semantic priming effects on the N400 ERP component for incidental probes related to the words of the memory list, during the retention period of a verbal WM task. Finding a reduction in an ERP component sensitive to semantic context effects suggests that the processing of the incidental probe is facilitated by the sustained activation of the semantic representations of the memory set, lending support to the notion of sustained activation of conceptual-semantic representations during the short-term maintenance of words in WM.…”

Section: Neural Mechanisms Of Semantic Working Memorymentioning

confidence: 97%

Lateral Inferotemporal Cortex Maintains Conceptual—Semantic Representations in Verbal Working Memory

Fiebach

Friederici

Smith

et al. 2007

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Verbal working memory, that is, the temporary maintenance of linguistic information in an activated state, is typically assumed to rely on phonological representations. Recent evidence from behavioral, neuropsychological, and electrophysiological studies, however, suggests that conceptual-semantic representations may also be maintained in an activated state. We developed a new semantic working memory task that involves the maintenance of a novel conceptual combination. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired during the maintenance of conceptual combinations, relative to an item recognition task without the possibility of conceptual combination, demonstrate increased activation in the posterior left middle and inferior temporal gyri (known to be involved in conceptual representations) and left inferior frontal gyrus (known to be involved in semantic control processes). We suggest that this temporo-frontal system supports maintenance of conceptual information in working memory, with the frontal regions controlling the sustained activation of heteromodal conceptual representations in the inferior temporal cortex.

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Long‐term memory is the representational basis for semantic verbal short‐term memory

Cited by 32 publications

References 59 publications

Decoding the internal focus of attention

Decoding the internal focus of attention

Levels of Processing in Working Memory: Differential Involvement of Frontotemporal Networks

Lateral Inferotemporal Cortex Maintains Conceptual—Semantic Representations in Verbal Working Memory

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