Long-term monitoring of the Dead Sea level and brine physico-chemical parameters “from 1987 to 2008”

Khlaifat, Abdelaziz; Hogan, Michael; Phillips, Gary; Nawayseh, Khalid; Amira, Jamal; Talafeha, Emad

doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.11.005

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The average concentrations of the metal ions in the Dead Sea water are illustrated in Table 1. It is clear that the dominant cations in the water are Mg, Na, Ca and K which show the highest concentrations and are of the order Mg > Na > Ca > K. Although this order agrees with the orders reported in the literature and measured in the period of 1987-2008 for samples collected from the east shore of the Sea (Khlaifat et al 2010) and samples collected in 1997 from the west shore of the Sea (Gavrieli 1997), there values are quite higher. This increase in cations' concentrations might be attributed to the high evaporation rates of the Dead Sea water which exceeds one-meter height per year (Khlaifat 2008).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The chemical composition of the Dead Sea brains consists of several salts with the approximate (weight/weight) percentages: magnesium chloride (14.5%), sodium chloride (7.5%), calcium chloride (3.8%), potassium chloride (1.2%) and magnesium bromide 0.5% (Al Bawab et al 2017;Es-Shahat et al 2003). The average ion concentrations of the Dead Sea brine over the period of 1987 to 2008 are reported, and it is found that the major ion composition of the Dead Sea is chloride as a dominant anion and magnesium, sodium and calcium as the dominant cations (Khlaifat et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its salinity changes with time due to high evaporation rates (Gates 1965;Krumgalz et al 2000;Lensky et al 2005). On 1960, the salinity was reported to be approximately 290 g of total dissolved salts per liter which reached 289 g/L in 1967 (Neev and Emery 1967), 310 g/L in 1976 (Nissenbaum 1977), 340 g/L in 1979 (Oren et al 1995) and a value of 348 g/L in 2010 (Khlaifat et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of metals’ contents in the Dead Sea’s water, mud and sediments

El‐khateeb

2020

Int J Energ Water Res

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The unique climatic condition of the Dead Sea area makes it a renowned site for climatotherapy worldwide. Its water and mud are used for therapy and as sources for many cosmetic products. The high evaporation rate of the water of the Dead Sea makes the measurements of its minerals' concentrations with time a necessity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the metal contents in both water and mud of the Dead Sea which may have influence on human health. Major, minor and trace elements (Na,

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of metals’ contents in the Dead Sea’s water, mud and sediments

El‐khateeb

2020

Int J Energ Water Res

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“…In the Jordan Valley, these sources are predominantly found on a large portion of land surrounding the Dead Sea area and are naturally high in saline due to the declination of the Dead Sea's water level. In other areas in the Middle and Northern parts of the valley, soil salinity is due to upward movement irrigation practices in hot, dry climatic conditions where dissolved salts accumulate in the root zone [5,6]. Removing salts from the root zone can be done by using various methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Management of Calcareous Saline-Sodic Soil in Arid Environments: The Leaching Process in the Jordan Valley

Batarseh

2017

Applied and Environmental Soil Science

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A leaching experiment of calcareous saline-sodic soil was conducted in Jordan Valley and aimed to reduce the soil salinity ≤ 4.0 dS m −1 . The quantification of salt removal from the effective root zone was done using three treatment scenarios. Treatment A contained soil amended with gypsum leaching with fresh water (EC = 1.1 dS m −1 ). Treatments B and C contained nonamended soil, but B was leached with fresh water only while treatment C's soil was washed with saline agricultural drainage water (EC = 8 dS m −1 ) at the start of the experiment and continued with fresh water to reach the desired soil salinity. All treatments were able to reduce the soil salinity to the desired level at the end of the experiment; however, there were clear differences in the salt removal efficiencies among the treatments which were attributed to the presence of direct source of calcium ion. The soil amended with gypsum caused a substantial decline in soil salinity and drainage water's electrical conductivity and drained the water twice as fast as the nonamended soil. It was found that utilizing agricultural drainage water and gypsum as a soil amendment for calcareous saline-sodic soil reclamation can beneficially contribute to sustainable agricultural management in the Jordan Valley.

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“…Moreover, as the Dead Sea brine is the raw material for the existing chemical industries, it was assessed for its physical and chemical properties for a period extended for 22 years from 1987 to 2008 (Khlaifat et. al., [ 36 ]). The proposed water conduit project is expected to have a direct impact on the Dead Sea water salinity and other water properties.…”

Section: Dead Sea – Red Sea Water Mixing Experimental Site and Samplmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixing of Dead Sea and Red Sea waters and changes in their physical properties

Khlaifat

Batarseh

Nawayseh³

et al. 2020

Heliyon

Self Cite

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The present work emphasizes on the changes in the Red Sea and Dead Sea mixed waters physical properties including: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, density, salinity and viscosity. It focuses on the impacts of changes in mixed water quality on the Dead Sea ecosystem and the current industrial activities. The pilot project site consisted of six water ponds (tanks) located next to Arab Potash Company point of intake about 100 m south of the Dead Sea shores. The Red Sea-Dead Sea water mixing was controlled and done based on the expected mixing ratios between Red Sea and Dead Sea waters to mimic the potential actual situation associated with Red Sea-Dead Sea project conduit. All measured properties of mixed water bodies in tanks 1 to 5 tend to behave differently from similar Dead Sea water (tank 6) properties. The properties variations depend on the rate of diluting the Dead Sea water by Red Sea water and rejected brine. The least altered physical properties were observed when the Red Sea concentrated brine was added to the Dead Sea water (tank 5). The obtained results show that transferring Red Sea water to Dead Sea would lead to dilution of Dead Sea brine and affects significantly the investigated mixed water physical properties. Water mixing project is expected to cease the halite precipitation phenomenon due to the development of stratification in the Dead Sea and halite dissolution. Based on the industrial needs for the Dead Sea brine with its current physical properties, it is recommended to add rejected brine only to the Dead Sea due to its minimal effect on physical properties variations.

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Long-term monitoring of the Dead Sea level and brine physico-chemical parameters “from 1987 to 2008”

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Determination of metals’ contents in the Dead Sea’s water, mud and sediments

Determination of metals’ contents in the Dead Sea’s water, mud and sediments

Sustainable Management of Calcareous Saline-Sodic Soil in Arid Environments: The Leaching Process in the Jordan Valley

Mixing of Dead Sea and Red Sea waters and changes in their physical properties

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