Long term monitoring of the optical background in the Capo Passero deep-sea site with the NEMO tower prototype

Adrián-Martínez, S.; Aiello, S.; Ameli, F.; Anghinolfi, M.; Ardid, M.; Barbarino, G. C.; Barbarito, E.; Barbato, Felicia; Beverini, N.; Biagi, S.; Biagioni, A.; Bouhadef, B.; Bozza, C.; Cacopardo, G.; Calamai, M.; Calı̀, C.; Calvo, D.; Capone, A.; Caruso, Francesco; Ceres, A.; Chiarusi, T.; Circella, M.; Cocimano, R.; Coniglione, R.; Costa, M.; Cuttone, G.; D’Amato, Claudio; D’Amico, Antonio; Bonis, G. De; Luca, V. De; Deniskina, N.; Rosa, G. De; Capua, F. Di; Distefano, C.; Enzenhöfer, A.; Fermani, P.; Ferrara, G.; Flaminio, V.; Fusco, L.; Garufi, F.; Giordano, V.; Gmerk, A.; Grasso, Rosaria; Grella, G.; Hugon, C.; Imbesi, M.; Kulikovskiy, V.; Lahmann, R.; Larosa, G.; Lattuada, D.; Leismüller, Klaus; Leonora, E.; Litrico, P.; Alvarez, C. D. Llorens; Lonardo, A.; Longhitano, F.; Presti, D. Lo; Maccioni, Enrico; Margiotta, A.; Marinelli, A.; Martini, A.; Masullo, R.; Migliozzi, P.; Migneco, E.; Miraglia, A.; Mollo, C.M.; Mongelli, M.; Morganti, M.; Musico, P.; Musumeci, M.; Nicolau, C. A.; Orlando, A.; Orzelli, A.; Papaleo, R.; Pellegrino, C.; Pellegriti, M. G.; Perrina, C.; Piattelli, P.; Pugliatti, C.; Pulvirenti, S.; Raffaelli, F.; Randazzo, N.; Real, D.; Riccobene, G.; Rovelli, A.; Saldaña, M.; Sanguineti, M.; Sapienza, P.; Sciacca, Virginia; Sgura, I.; Simeone, F.; Sipala, V.; Speziale, F.; Spitaleri, A.; Spurio, M.; Stellacci, Francesco; Taiuti, M.; Terreni, G.; Trasatti, L.; Trovato, A.; Ventura, Cynthia; Vicini, P.; Viola, S.; Vivolo, D.

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-3908-0

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…A prototype detection unit, the NEMO Phase 2 tower3762 was deployed at 3450 m depth, about 90 km off-shore Capo Passero in March 2013 (Ionian Sea; Fig. 6A,B), within the activities of the NEMO (Neutrino Mediterranean Observatory) collaboration.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…hydrophones) were fixed along the tower. The hydrophone positions were determined by triangulation, using the travel times of acoustic signals between emitters and receivers6268. The rate of displacement of the arm orientation was also calculated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A waveform analysis72 was carried out on biological and floor orientation data, by subdividing time series on the length of the dominant inertial periodicity T at the latitude ϕ of the study area, i.e. between 20 and 21-h62. Briefly, we subdivided time series into sub datasets of 20.5 h length, equivalent to 1230 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inertial bioluminescence rhythms at the Capo Passero (KM3NeT-Italia) site, Central Mediterranean Sea

Aguzzi

Fanelli

Ciuffardi

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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In the deep sea, the sense of time is dependent on geophysical fluctuations, such as internal tides and atmospheric-related inertial currents, rather than day-night rhythms. Deep-sea neutrino telescopes instrumented with light detecting Photo-Multiplier Tubes (PMT) can be used to describe the synchronization of bioluminescent activity of abyssopelagic organisms with hydrodynamic cycles. PMT readings at 8 different depths (from 3069 to 3349 m) of the NEMO Phase 2 prototype, deployed offshore Capo Passero (Sicily) at the KM3NeT-Italia site, were used to characterize rhythmic bioluminescence patterns in June 2013, in response to water mass movements. We found a significant (p < 0.05) 20.5 h periodicity in the bioluminescence signal, corresponding to inertial fluctuations. Waveform and Fourier analyses of PMT data and tower orientation were carried out to identify phases (i.e. the timing of peaks) by subdividing time series on the length of detected inertial periodicity. A phase overlap between rhythms and cycles suggests a mechanical stimulation of bioluminescence, as organisms carried by currents collide with the telescope infrastructure, resulting in the emission of light. A bathymetric shift in PMT phases indicated that organisms travelled in discontinuous deep-sea undular vortices consisting of chains of inertially pulsating mesoscale cyclones/anticyclones, which to date remain poorly known.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inertial bioluminescence rhythms at the Capo Passero (KM3NeT-Italia) site, Central Mediterranean Sea

Aguzzi

Fanelli

Ciuffardi

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…With the three-dimensional nature of the marine environment bound to become a central aspect for its conservation (Levin et al, 2018;Aspillaga et al, 2019;Totti et al, 2020), and in order to efficiently track such massive displacements occurring at all depths of the continental margins and the overlying water column volumes (Aguzzi et al, 2011;Rountree et al, 2020), the concept of the geometry of monitoring networks should follow through. New observational technologies are able to detect and quantify the movement of deep scattering layers: neutrino telescopes such as the KM3NeT neutrino telescope network 2 , presently deployed 40 km offshore south of Toulon (Ligurian Sea) and 100 km offshore southeast of Capo Passero (Ionian Sea); Moored vertical structures equipped with Photo-Multiplier Tubes (PMTs) used as photon counters can pick up photons produced by bioluminescence, for example when animals hit the structure and emit a defensive signal (Priede et al, 2008;Ageron et al, 2011;Tamburini et al, 2013;Craig et al, 2015;Van Haren et al, 2015;Adrián-Martínez et al, 2016;Aguzzi et al, 2017). This setting acts as a relatively passive (i.e., not actively moving) observer of bioluminescence, as animals cross an area permanently occupied by the moored structures and are not reacting to the approach of a potential mobile threat (e.g., towed nets).…”

Section: Capturing the Rhythmic Movements Of The Deep Scattering Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Diel Vertical Migrations of Bioluminescent Deep Scattering Layers Into Monitoring Programs

et al. 2021

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The deep sea (i.e., >200 m depth) is a highly dynamic environment where benthic ecosystems are functionally and ecologically connected with the overlying water column and the surface. In the aphotic deep sea, organisms rely on external signals to synchronize their biological clocks. Apart from responding to cyclic hydrodynamic patterns and periodic fluctuations of variables such as temperature, salinity, phytopigments, and oxygen concentration, the arrival of migrators at depth on a 24-h basis (described as Diel Vertical Migrations; DVMs), and from well-lit surface and shallower waters, could represent a major response to a solar-based synchronization between the photic and aphotic realms. In addition to triggering the rhythmic behavioral responses of benthic species, DVMs supply food to deep seafloor communities through the active downward transport of carbon and nutrients. Bioluminescent species of the migrating deep scattering layers play a not yet quantified (but likely important) role in the benthopelagic coupling, raising the need to integrate the efficient detection and quantification of bioluminescence into large-scale monitoring programs. Here, we provide evidence in support of the benefits for quantifying and continuously monitoring bioluminescence in the deep sea. In particular, we recommend the integration of bioluminescence studies into long-term monitoring programs facilitated by deep-sea neutrino telescopes, which offer photon counting capability. Their Photo-Multiplier Tubes and other advanced optical sensors installed in neutrino telescope infrastructures can boost the study of bioluminescent DVMs in concert with acoustic backscatter and video imagery from ultra-low-light cameras. Such integration will enhance our ability to monitor proxies for the mass and energy transfer from the upper ocean into the deep-sea Benthic Boundary Layer (BBL), a key feature of the ocean biological pump and crucial for monitoring the effects of climate-change. In addition, it will allow for investigating the role of deep scattering DVMs in the behavioral responses, abundance and structure of deep-sea benthic communities. The proposed approach may represent a new frontier for the study and discovery of new, taxon-specific bioluminescence capabilities. It will thus help to expand our knowledge of poorly described deep-sea biodiversity inventories and further elucidate the connectivity between pelagic and benthic compartments in the deep-sea.

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“…The first prototypes of the Nanobeacon, eight in total, were installed on the Neutrino Mediterranean Observatory (NEMO) Phase II prototype tower [22] and three more were integrated on the prototype DU of KM3NeT [23]. Since then, 600 Nanobeacon boards have been produced for KM3NeT, of which at present more than 200 are in operation in the deep sea.…”

Section: Manufacturing and Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanobeacon: A time calibration device for the KM3NeT neutrino telescope

Aiello,

Albert,

Alshamsi

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Long term monitoring of the optical background in the Capo Passero deep-sea site with the NEMO tower prototype

Cited by 16 publications

References 32 publications

Inertial bioluminescence rhythms at the Capo Passero (KM3NeT-Italia) site, Central Mediterranean Sea

Inertial bioluminescence rhythms at the Capo Passero (KM3NeT-Italia) site, Central Mediterranean Sea

Integrating Diel Vertical Migrations of Bioluminescent Deep Scattering Layers Into Monitoring Programs

Nanobeacon: A time calibration device for the KM3NeT neutrino telescope

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