Long-term outcome of augmentation mammaplasty in male-to-female transsexuals: a questionnaire survey of 107 patients

Kanhai, Robert C.J.; Hage, J. Joris; Mulder, J. W.

doi:10.1054/bjps.1999.3298

Cited by 40 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Kanhai et al. [20] investigated the effect of cross‐sex hormone therapy, consisting of cyproterone acetate 100 mg (an anti‐androgen with progestational properties) and EE 100 μg daily, on thorax circumference at the nipple. They observed that the circumference at the nipple increased from a mean of 91–93 cm during the first 18 months of cross‐sex hormone treatment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Review: Breast Development in Trans Women Receiving Cross-Sex Hormones

Wierckx

Gooren²,

T’Sjoen

2014

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

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Introduction In trans women (male-to-female transsexual persons), cross-sex hormone therapy is administered to induce feminization. Breast development is an important part of feminization for most trans women. Aim The aim of this study is to assess the effect of cross-sex hormone therapy on breast development in adult trans women. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the benefit or harm of administration of progestogens on breast development. Methods A review of the literature in Embase, Medline, The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO databases, PubMed, and Web of Knowledge until January 2014. Main Outcome Measures Effects of cross-sex hormone therapy and progestogens on breast development in trans women. Results Only few studies with low quality of evidence addressed these topics. The available evidence suggests that breast development is insufficient for the majority of trans women and that type and dosage of hormonal therapy seem not to have an important role on final breast size. Conclusions Our knowledge concerning the natural history and effects of different cross-sex hormone therapies on breast development in trans women is extremely sparse and based on low quality of evidence. Current evidence does not provide evidence that progestogens enhance breast development in trans women. Neither do they prove the absence of such an effect. This prevents us from drawing any firm conclusion at this moment and demonstrates the need for further research to clarify these important clinical questions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Review: Breast Development in Trans Women Receiving Cross-Sex Hormones

Wierckx

Gooren²,

T’Sjoen

2014

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

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“…6 Transgender persons seek surgical interventions such as PAM to achieve the physical transformations that hormone therapy alone cannot produce. [7][8][9][10][11][12] Author's protocol of minimum 2-year preoperative hormonal therapy results in mild-to-moderate breast growth in transwomen facilitating PAM with good stretchable envelope and well developed nipple and areola that culminates in good esthetic results. Author's opinion is mammogenesis in transwomen is not related to the dose of hormone but on the duration of therapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective Study of Prosthetic Augmentation Mammoplasty in Transwomen

Balakrishnan

Nagarajan

Janardhanam

2020

Indian J Plast Surg

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Introduction Hormonal therapy and gender-conforming surgeries are the treatments of choice in appropriately selected male-to-female transsexuals. The Prosthetic Augmentation Mammoplasty (PAM) in transwomen is the second most common sex conforming procedure performed in our department. Aim This study was aimed to assess the esthetic outcomes of PAM performed from 2007 to 2017 in 42 transwomen. Patients and Methods It is a retrospective study wherein the documents of 42 transwomen who had undergone PAM were reviewed. Twenty-three transwomen who had pinch fold thickness more than 2.5 cm had undergone subglandular/subfascial (SG/SF) plane augmentation; rest had dual plane augmentation. All the cases were followed-up for an average period of 45 months. A validated institutional score for subjective assessment and objective assessment (by two independent observers) were used at the end of follow-up period. Statistical Analysis Used Student’s t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results On an average, 92.85% of transwomen achieved grade-A score with both subjective and objective assessment scoring system. Conclusion PAM gives a finishing and colossal touch for transwomen to orient their somatic sex to psychic sex. To get the best cosmetic outcomes and lasting results the PAM in transwomen has to be made a more reasoning and scientific procedure rather than an emotional and irrational procedure. Author’s PAM approach facilitates transwomen to rejoice their veritable total genderness in harmony with their gender identity.

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“…Feminizing cross hormone therapy is recommended prior to breast augmentation; some experts recommend at least 6 months [42]. Complications associated with breast augmentation include hematomas, seromas, infections, ruptured implants, implant malpositioning, and aesthetic complications [43,44].…”

Section: Estrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgender Health Simplified: A Concise Guide to the Gynecologist

Mikdachi

Mann

2018

COGO

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Most healthcare providers, gynecologists included, will encounter, care for and treat transgender patients. As such, gynecologists should be familiar with the basics of transgender care. This includes knowing how to create a trans-friendly clinic environment, knowing and adhering to screening guidelines, understanding the basics of cross hormone therapy and sex reassignment surgery. This article will review these topics, and other, that can allow the gynecologist to offer the best care to her/his transgender patients.

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Long-term outcome of augmentation mammaplasty in male-to-female transsexuals: a questionnaire survey of 107 patients

Cited by 40 publications

References 5 publications

Clinical Review: Breast Development in Trans Women Receiving Cross-Sex Hormones

Clinical Review: Breast Development in Trans Women Receiving Cross-Sex Hormones

Retrospective Study of Prosthetic Augmentation Mammoplasty in Transwomen

Transgender Health Simplified: A Concise Guide to the Gynecologist

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