Long‐Term Outcomes and Complications of Intracardiac Echocardiography‐Assisted Patent Foramen Ovale Closure in 1,000 Consecutive Patients

Abstract

ICE-aided closure of PFO using different devices, appeared very safe and effective on very long-term follow up with low incidence of erosion, DT, recurrent ischemic events, MVR new onset or worsening, and permanent AF.

Comparison of intracardiac and transoesophageal echocardiography for guidance of percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion: A meta‐analysis

“…Berti et al 13 Pericardial tamponade requiring drainage, stroke/TIA, device embolization requiring surgical removal, major bleeding, and systemic embolism guiding procedures such as atrial septal defect (ASD) or patent foramen ovale occlusions have already been reported by several groups. [20][21][22] With an aging population, not only is the prevalence of atrial fibrillation expected to grow but also is the number of individuals at high risk of bleeding and embolism. Evidence also suggests that with growing operator experience, the results of percutaneous LAAO have steadily improved.…”

Interventional closure of patent foramen ovale with Nit‐occlud® device in prevention of recurrent neurologic events—Long‐term results

“…No further complications were observed in this patient and no signs of thrombosis were revealed in control TOE in 6‐month follow‐up. Rigatelli et al showed that device thrombosis appeared in 0.5% of 1,000 all‐comer patients after PFO closure with different types of occluders . In a meta‐analysis of 28,142 patients after PFO or ASD closure from 203 studies, Abaci A. et al showed that the risk of device thrombosis in long‐term follow‐up reached 1.2% (95% CI: 1.0–1.4%) .…”

“…all-comer patients after PFO closure with different types of occluders [24]. In a meta-analysis of 28,142 patients after PFO or ASD closure from 203 studies, Abaci A. et al showed that the risk of device thrombosis in long-term follow-up reached 1.2% (95% CI: 1.0-1.4%) [25].…”

Atrial Septal Defect Sizing and Transcatheter Closure

“…The two major shortcomings of ICE are its limited viewing depth and inability to provide three-dimensional volumetric imaging [6]. For this reason (with exception of ASD and patent foramen ovale), there are no large studies to confirm the primary role of ICE in transcatheter procedures in the field of SHD [3, 4, 7]. Another potential issue may be the interference of pacemaker leads with the ICE catheter.…”

“…Since atrial septal anatomy can be well defined, ICE has been proven to be very effective in guiding transcatheter closures of an ASD and a patent foramen ovale [6, 7] (Fig. 1).…”