Long-Term Persistence of an Anxiolytic Drug (Oxazepam) in a Large Freshwater Lake

Klaminder, Jonatan; Brodin, Tomas; Sundelin, Anna; Anderson, N. J.; Fahlman, Johan; Jonsson, Micael; Fick, Jerker

doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b01968

Cited by 70 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In our study, salmon smolts were exposed to concentrations of oxazepam within the range of concentrations that have been found in effluent water3132, and we here show effects of dilute concentrations of pharmaceutical on behaviours linked to crucial non-reproductive life cycle events in fish. The use of anxiolytic pharmaceuticals is projected to increase globally33, and, as a consequence, concentrations of oxazepam in aquatic environments close to urbanized areas may more than double in the coming decades34. With such scenarios in mind, significant ecological effects of benzodiazepines in the environment seems plausible, especially as concentration of oxazepam in fish tissue may be magnitudes higher than in the surrounding water due to bioconcentration2435.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GABAergic anxiolytic drug in water increases migration behaviour in salmon

et al. 2016

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Migration is an important life-history event in a wide range of taxa, yet many migrations are influenced by anthropogenic change. Although migration dynamics are extensively studied, the potential effects of environmental contaminants on migratory physiology are poorly understood. In this study we show that an anxiolytic drug in water can promote downward migratory behaviour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in both laboratory setting and in a natural river tributary. Exposing salmon smolt to a dilute concentration of a GABAA receptor agonist (oxazepam) increased migration intensity compared with untreated smolt. These results implicate that salmon migration may be affected by human-induced changes in water chemical properties, such as acidification and pharmaceutical residues in wastewater effluent, via alterations in the GABAA receptor function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GABAergic anxiolytic drug in water increases migration behaviour in salmon

et al. 2016

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“…At a more local scale, laboratory-based assays indicate that perch living in environments heavily affected by effluent water can experience concentrations of oxazepam sufficient for generating a GBM in the wild (Brodin et al, 2013). Such effects can become amplified as urbanization and more efficient water use strategies can increase concentrations in urban waters (Klaminder et al, 2015) or as natural bioaccumulation processes increase oxazepam concentrations in organisms over time (Lagesson et al, 2016). Indeed, behavioral assays measuring boldness and activity seem to have the capacity to detect such effects of oxazepam and other aquatic contaminants in the wild.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug-Induced Behavioral Changes: Using Laboratory Observations to Predict Field Observations

Klaminder

Hellström

Fahlman

et al. 2016

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Behavioral assays constitute important research tools when assessing how fish respond to environmental change. However, it is unclear how behavioral modifications recorded in laboratory assays are expressed in natural ecosystems, a limitation that makes it difficult to evaluate the predictive power of laboratory-based measurements. In this study, we hypothesized that exposure to a benzodiazepine (i.e., oxazepam) increases boldness and activity in laboratory assays as well as in field assays-that is, laboratory results can be used to predict field results. Moreover, we expected the modified behavior to affect other important ecological measures such as habitat selection and home range. To test our hypothesis, we exposed European perch (Perca fluviatilis) to oxazepam and measured subsequent changes in behavioral trials both in laboratory assays and in a lake ecosystem populated with a predatory fish species, pike (Esox lucius). In the lake, the positions of both perch and pike were tracked every 3 min for a month using acoustic telemetry. In the laboratory assay, the oxazepam-exposed perch were bolder and more active than the non-exposed perch. In the lake assay, the oxazepam-exposed perch were also more bold and active, had a larger home range, and used pelagic habitats more than the non-exposed perch. We conclude that ecotoxicological behavioral assays are useful for predicting the effects of exposure in natural systems. However, although individual responses to exposure were similar in both the laboratory and field trials, effects were more obvious in the field study, mainly due to reduced variability in the behavioral measures from the lake. Hence, short-term behavioral assays may fail to detect all the effects expressed in natural environments. Nevertheless, our study clearly demonstrates that behavioral modifications observed in laboratory settings can be used to predict how fish perform in aquatic ecosystems.

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“…recreational drugs) following several patterns such as special events (Gerrity et al, 2011) and weekends (Gatidou et al, 2016;van Nuijs et al, 2011). According to recent studies, the level of contamination of a wide range of PACs and IDs in the influent of WTPs can be correlated to the consumption rate of the population (Baker et al, 2014;Baz-Lomba et al, 2016;Celle-Jeanton et al, 2014;Krizman et al, 2016), to the amount of inhabitants in the catchment (Lai et al, 2016) and to the level of contamination within natural environments (Klaminder et al, 2015). The calculation of consumption based on loads of drug target residue (DTR) in wastewater treatment plant influents (influents) requires the use of several parameters: (i) the concentrations of DTR in influents, (ii) the flow rate of influents, (iii) the number of inhabitants in the catchment of the WTP and (iv) the percentage of parent compound excreted as DTR, the molar ratio, the stability and the sorption 4 onto suspended particles, data that are available in the literature, albeit with some variations .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal dynamics of human-excreted pollutants in wastewater treatment plant influents: Toward a better knowledge of mass load fluctuations

Thiebault

Fougère

Destandau

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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The occurrence of 25 drug target residues (illicit drugs or pharmaceutically active compounds) was investigated during 85 consecutive days in the influents of a wastewater treatment plant in the Region Centre-Val de Loire, France. This long tracking period allowed a better understanding of the patterns affecting the occurrence of this type of contaminants. Among them, 2 were never detected (i.e. heroin and amphetamine). Concerning illicit drugs two patterns were found. Cocaine and ecstasy median loads varied considerably between weekdays and weekend days (i.e. 18.3 and 35.9% respectively) whereas cannabis and heroin (based on 6-mono-acetylmorphine loads) loads were within the same order of magnitude with a significant statistical correlation with pharmaceuticals such as acetaminophen or ketoprofen. The consumption of selected drugs was back-calculated from the loads. Among illicit drugs the highest consumption was found for cannabis with a median consumption of 51mg·day·inhabitant (inh) whereas the median consumption for cocaine (based on benzoylecgonine loads) and ecstasy was 32 and 6mg·day·10·inh respectively. The highest consumption values of pharmaceutically active compounds (PACs) were found for acetaminophen and acetylsalicylic acid with 108.8 and 34.1mg·day·inh respectively, in good agreement with national sales data. A statistically significant weekly pattern was found for several PACs such as metoprolol and trimethoprim, but with the opposite pattern to that of illicit drugs. The variations in daily PAC loads could provide information about the mobility of people in the catchment, especially on the basis of daily taken PACs (i.e. to treat chronicle diseases).

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Long-Term Persistence of an Anxiolytic Drug (Oxazepam) in a Large Freshwater Lake

Cited by 70 publications

References 39 publications

GABAergic anxiolytic drug in water increases migration behaviour in salmon

GABAergic anxiolytic drug in water increases migration behaviour in salmon

Drug-Induced Behavioral Changes: Using Laboratory Observations to Predict Field Observations

Temporal dynamics of human-excreted pollutants in wastewater treatment plant influents: Toward a better knowledge of mass load fluctuations

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