Long-term potentiation phenomena in the rat limbic forebrain

Racine, R.; Milgram, Norton W.; Häfner, Sophia

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90676-5

Cited by 508 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, it was noted that this might not be the limit, because in one animal, repeated episodes of stimulation resulted in LTP of the population spike lasting 16 weeks. Subsequent studies from several laboratories confirmed in rats that LTP can indeed last from less than a day to many weeks, depending on the stimulation protocol (Barnes 1979;Racine et al 1983;Barnes & McNaughton 1985;de Jonge & Racine 1985;Staubli & Lynch 1987;Jeffery et al 1990;Abraham et al 1993).…”

Section: How Long Can Ltp Persist?mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…) 1984; Otani et al 1989;Nguyen et al 1994). However, studies in chronically recorded animals where negative exponential functions have been fitted to the LTP decay data have revealed that, in addition to the early LTP which decays with a time constant of 2-3 h (Racine et al 1983;Abraham & Otani 1991), there are at least two distinct families of late-LTP decay functions, with average decay time constants of ca. 3.5 and 25 days, respectively (Abraham & Otani 1991;Abraham et al 1993; figure 1).…”

Section: How Long Can Ltp Persist?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3.5 and 25 days, respectively (Abraham & Otani 1991;Abraham et al 1993; figure 1). For convenience, these families of decay functions were termed LTP1, LTP2 and LTP3 (Racine et al 1983;Abraham & Otani 1991), with the suggestion that LTP3 may be more dependent on transcription than the other forms. Regardless of how LTP persistence is best categorized, an important conclusion from these studies, after the first two decades of research, was that LTP in the dentate gyrus was decremental, that is, it eventually returned to baseline even if it took many weeks to do so (figure 1; Abraham & Otani 1991;Abraham et al 1995;Abraham 2000).…”

Section: How Long Can Ltp Persist?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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How long will long-term potentiation last?

Abraham

2003

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

233

165

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The paramount feature of long-term potentiation (LTP) as a memory mechanism is its characteristic persistence over time. Although the basic phenomenology of LTP persistence was established 30 years ago, new insights have emerged recently about the extent of LTP persistence and its regulation by activity and experience. Thus, it is now evident that LTP, at least in the dentate gyrus, can either be decremental, lasting from hours to weeks, or stable, lasting months or longer. Although mechanisms engaged during the induction of LTP regulate its subsequent persistence, the maintenance of LTP is also governed by activity patterns post-induction, whether induced experimentally or generated by experience. These new findings establish dentate gyrus LTP as a useful model system for studying the mechanisms governing the induction, maintenance and interference with long-term memory, including very long-term memory lasting months or longer. The challenge is to study LTP persistence in other brain areas, and to relate, if possible, the properties and regulation of LTP maintenance to these same properties of the information that is actually stored in those regions.Keywords: long-term potentiation; hippocampus; maintenance mechanisms; enriched environment; neurogenesis; metaplasticitySince the pioneering studies performed 30 years ago by Tim Bliss, Terje Lømo and Tony Gardner-Medwin (Bliss & Lømo 1973;Bliss & Gardner-Medwin 1973), LTP has generated enormous interest as a potential memory mechanism. This is because LTP exhibits numerous properties expected of an associative memory mechanism, such as rapid induction, input specificity, associative interactions, persistence, and dependence on correlated preand postsynaptic activity. The close similarity between these features and those of the learning rule of Hebb (1949) has added lustre to the LTP phenomenon. In addition, there is important yet complex regulation of LTP by prior synaptic activity (metaplasticity), neighbouring afferents (e.g. synaptic tagging), and state variables such as levels of stress hormones and activity in neuromodulatory transmitter systems (see Martin et al. (2000) for a review of these properties of LTP). It can be argued, however, that among all these intriguing and important characteristics, the paramount feature that defines LTP as a potential memory mechanism is its persistence over time. Thus, although short-lasting frequency potentiation of synaptic potentials was described in the hippocampus many years ago, it was not until the discovery of LTP that researchers seriously considered that a model system for studying synaptic mechanisms of mammalian memory had been established. It is curious, therefore, that despite the fundamental importance of LTP maintenance over days and weeks, relatively few studies have addressed its mechanisms and regulation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the data from experiments charting how long LTP can last, and then to address the factors that regulate how long LTP will in fact persist under various conditi...

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Section: How Long Can Ltp Persist?mentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: How Long Can Ltp Persist?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Long Can Ltp Persist?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

How long will long-term potentiation last?

Abraham

2003

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

233

165

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“…the induction or early phase which starts within seconds and may last about 1 hr and the late phase that corresponds to the long-term maintenance of the synaptic enhancement. Furthermore LTP has been observed outside the hippocampal formation, namely in the neocortex (Bindman et al, 1991;Crepel et al, 1991;Artola et al, 1990), the amygdala and septal area (Racine et al, 1983) and the nucleus accumbens (Boeijinga et al, 1992). Notwithstanding the fact that there is general agreement on the nature of the events responsible for the initiation phase of LTP, namely the increase in [Ca 2~ ]iin the postsynaptic cell through the activation, although not exclusively, of NMDA receptors (Collingridge et al, 1983;Gustafsson et al, 1987), there is little consensus about the expression of the persistent phase of LTP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presynaptic plasticity: The regulation of Ca2+-dependent transmitter release

Verhage

Ghijsen

Silva

1994

Progress in Neurobiology

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“…12 In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that patterned electrical stimulations alone are able to elicit LTP in the hippocampus and in many other brain areas. 34 In the piriform (olfactory) cortex, additional conditions seem to be needed to be observed. LTP is elicited in the piriform cortex only when patterned electrical stimulation, applied to the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), and reward were associated in a learning context.…”

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confidence: 99%