Long-term retention of a peripherally induced flexor reflex alteration in rats

Steinmetz, Joseph E.; Beggs, Alvin L.; Molea, David; Patterson, Michael M.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)91525-2

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These training effects are similar to the effects of operant conditioning in rats, monkeys, and humans, in which H-reflex amplitude can be increased or decreased over a period of days and weeks. 11 Reflex excitability below a SCI may therefore be affected by pre-SCI experience, 77,78 causing AJ to return later in a ballet dancer with low tendon reflex excitability than in an untrained individual.…”

Section: Clinical Description 4-30 Daysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal shock revisited: a four-phase model

et al. 2004

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Spinal shock has been of interest to clinicians for over two centuries. Advances in our understanding of both the neurophysiology of the spinal cord and neuroplasticity following spinal cord injury have provided us with additional insight into the phenomena of spinal shock. In this review, we provide a historical background followed by a description of a novel fourphase model for understanding and describing spinal shock. Clinical implications of the model are discussed as well.

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Section: Clinical Description 4-30 Daysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal shock revisited: a four-phase model

et al. 2004

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“…This modulation persists after spinalization, indicating that some of the learning that occurred could be attributable to changes in the spinal cord itself (Fengchen and Wolpaw, 1996). Other evidence of activity-dependent modulation of spinal networks comes from studies of "spinal fixation," i.e., central or peripheral induction of asymmetric hindlimb positioning (Steinmetz et al, 1981(Steinmetz et al, , 1982(Steinmetz et al, , 1985.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use-Dependent Modulation of Inhibitory Capacity in the Feline Lumbar Spinal Cord

Tillakaratne¹,

Leon²,

Hoang³

et al. 2002

J. Neurosci.

189

171

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The ability to perform stepping and standing can be reacquired after complete thoracic spinal cord transection in adult cats with appropriate, repetitive training. We now compare GAD(67)A levels in the spinal cord of cats that were trained to step or stand. We confirmed that a complete spinal cord transection at approximately T12 increases glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)(67) in both the dorsal and ventral horns of L5-L7. We now show that step training decreases these levels toward control. Kinematic analyses show that this downward modulation is correlated inversely with stepping ability. Compared with intact cats, spinal cord-transected cats had increased punctate GAD(67) immunoreactivity around neurons in lamina IX at cord segments L5-L7. Compared with spinal nontrained cats, those trained to stand on both hindlimbs had more GAD(67) puncta bilaterally in a subset of lamina IX neurons. In cats trained to stand unilaterally, this elevated staining pattern was limited to the trained side and extended for at least 4 mm in the L6 and L7 segments. The location of this asymmetric GAD(67) staining corresponded to the motor columns of primary knee flexors, which are minimally active during standing, perhaps because of extensor-activated inhibitory interneuron projections. The responsiveness to only a few days of motor training, as well as the GABA-synthesizing potential in the spinal cord, persists for at least 25 months after the spinal cord injury. This modulation is specific to the motor task that is performed repetitively and is closely linked to the ability of the animal to perform a specific motor task.

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