“…In field studies it was found that the noise of a single event (airplane overflight, truck passage) can cause the following instantaneous effects: extra motility (Fidell, Pearsons, Tabachnick, & Hower, 2000; Horne, Pankhurst, Reyner, Hume, & Diamond, 1994; Passchier‐Vermeer, Griefahn, & Moehler, 2005; Passchier‐Vermeer, Vos, Steenbekkers, Van de Ploeg, & Groothuis‐Oudshoorn, 2002), change in sleep state and EEG arousals (Basner et al, 2004; Hume, Van, & Watson, 2003; Pearsons, Bennett, & Fidell, 1973; Vallet, Gagneux, & Blanchet, 1983; Vernet, 1979), momentary change in heart beat parameters (Carter, Ingham, Tran, & Hunyor, 1994; Hofman, Kumar, & Tulen, 1995; Wilkinson & Campbell, 1984), and conscious awakening (Fidell, Pearsons, & Tabachnick, 1995; Fidell et al, 2000; Passchier‐Vermeer et al, 2002). The health consequences of instantaneous effects are not yet fully understood.…”