Sugarcane bagasse is a large-volume agriculture residue that is generated on a ~540 million metric tons per year basis globally 1,2 with the top-three producing countries in Latin America being Brazil (~181 million metric ton yr −1 ), 3 Mexico (~15 million metric ton yr −1 ), 4 and Colombia (~7 million metric ton yr −1 ), 5 respectively. 6 Given sustainability concerns and the need to maximize the utilization of bioresources, the use of sugarcane bagasse is receiving signifi cant attention in biorefi ning applications, as it is a promising resource for the conversion to biofuels and biopower. This review provides a comprehensive review of bagasse and its chemical constituents and on-going research into its utilization as a feedstock for cellulosic ethanol and electricity generation.