Long term stability of cannabis resin and cannabis extracts

Lindholst, Christian

doi:10.1080/00450610903258144

Cited by 60 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This finding is in line with previous studies on Cannabis resin and inflorescences (Lindholst, 2010;Peschel, 2016). Although the major therapeutic knowledge on Cannabis focuses on phytocannabinoids in their decarboxylated form, several recent studies report on the pharmacological activities of several acid phytocannabinoids (Bolognini et al, 2013;Rock et al, , 2018Nallathambi et al, 2017;Anderson et al, 2019;Formato et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Another study analyzed major phytocannabinoids in Cannabis resin and extracts under four different storage conditions of various temperatures and light exposure (Lindholst, 2010). They found that at −20 • C, the level of acidic and neutral phytocannabinoids remained constant throughout the 4-year study period, and that the major classes of acidic phytocannabinoids are more susceptible to degradation (mainly decarboxylation) than are the neutral phytocannabinoids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic Profiling of Cannabis Secondary Metabolites for Evaluation of Optimal Postharvest Storage Conditions

et al. 2020

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The therapeutic use of medical Cannabis is growing, and so is the need for standardized and therapeutically stable Cannabis products for patients. The therapeutic effects of Cannabis largely depend on the content of its pharmacologically active secondary metabolites and their interactions, mainly terpenoids and phytocannabinoids. Once harvested and during storage, these natural compounds may decarboxylate, oxidize, isomerize, react photochemically, evaporate and more. Despite its widespread and increasing use, however, data on the stability of most of the plant's terpenoids and phytocannabinoids during storage is scarce. In this study, we therefore aimed to determine postharvest optimal storage conditions for preserving the composition of naturally biosynthesized secondary metabolites in Cannabis inflorescences and Cannabis extracts. To this end, Cannabis inflorescences (whole versus ground samples) and Cannabis extracts (dissolved in different solvents) from (-)-9-transtetrahydrocannabinol-or cannabidiol-rich chemovars, were stored in the dark at various temperatures (25, 4, −30 and −80 • C), and their phytocannabinoid and terpenoid profiles were analyzed over the course of 1 year. We found that in both Cannabis inflorescences and extracts, a storage temperature of 25 • C led to the largest changes in the concentrations of the natural phytocannabinoids over time, making this the most unfavorable temperature compared with all others examined here. Olive oil was found to be the best vehicle for preserving the natural phytocannabinoid composition of the extracts. Terpenoid concentrations were found to decrease rapidly under all storage conditions, but temperatures lower than −20 • C and grinding of the inflorescences were the least favorable conditions. Overall, our conclusions point that storage of whole inflorescences and extracts dissolved in olive oil, at 4 • C, were the optimal postharvest conditions for Cannabis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Profiling of Cannabis Secondary Metabolites for Evaluation of Optimal Postharvest Storage Conditions

et al. 2020

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“…Moreover, other phenomena (such as extended periods of storage and light exposure) may potentiate the degradation of Δ 9 -THC to generate CBN. 48…”

Section: Gc × Gc-qmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Isomeric Cannabinoid Standards and Cannabis Products by UPLC‑ESI‑TWIM-MS: a Comparison with GC‑MS and GC × GC-QMS

Santos¹,

Tose²,

Silva³

et al. 2018

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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The Cannabis sativa L. plant has a complex chemical composition, containing various chemical compounds such as terpenes, sugars, hydrocarbons, steroids, flavonoids, and amino acids. Few works have attempted to identify the constitutional isomers of cannabinoids that are found in the plant. The present study reported the analysis of seven cannabinoid standards: five neutral and two acidic, as well as Cannabis products (hashish and marijuana) and parts of the Cannabis plant (flower and leaf) using mono-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole MS (GC × GC-QMS), ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight (UPLC-ESI-QTOF)-MS and UPLC-ESI-travelling wave ion mobility (TWIM)-MS. The results of GC-MS demonstrated close retention times (∆t R = 1.303 min) in separation of the five cannabinoid standards, whereas GC × GC-QMS provided a substantially better identification and distinction of constitutional isomers of cannabinoids, where a total of 11 cannabinoids were identified in the hashish sample. UPLC-QTOF-MS and UPLC-TWIM-MS data obtained complete chemical information, in which ESI(+) revealed the presence of seven constitutional isomers of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆ 9-THC), whereas ESI(-) proved the presence of four isomers of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (Δ 9-THCA A).

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“…8,11,19 Baker et al 20 measured THCA and THC in seized materials, all approximately the same age. The THCA/THC ratio in hashish (mean 3.08) was greater than herbal material (mean 1.96).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affinity and Efficacy Studies of Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid A at Cannabinoid Receptor Types One and Two

McPartland

Macdonald

Young

et al. 2017

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research

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Introduction: Cannabis biosynthesizes Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA-A), which decarboxylates into Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). There is growing interest in the therapeutic use of THCA-A, but its clinical application may be hampered by instability. THCA-A lacks cannabimimetic effects; we hypothesize that it has little binding affinity at cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1).Materials and Methods: Purity of certified reference standards were tested with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Binding affinity of THCA-A and THC at human (h) CB1 and hCB2 was measured in competition binding assays, using transfected HEK cells and [3H]CP55,940. Efficacy at hCB1 and hCB2 was measured in a cyclic adenosine monophosphase (cAMP) assay, using a Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) biosensor.Results: The THCA-A reagent contained 2% THC. THCA-A displayed small but measurable binding at both hCB1 and hCB2, equating to approximate Ki values of 3.1μM and 12.5μM, respectively. THC showed 62-fold greater affinity at hCB1 and 125-fold greater affinity at hCB2. In efficacy tests, THCA-A (10μM) slightly inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP at hCB1, suggestive of weak agonist activity, and no measurable efficacy at hCB2.Discussion: The presence of THC in our THCA-A certified standard agrees with decarboxylation kinetics (literature reviewed herein), which indicate contamination with THC is nearly unavoidable. THCA-A binding at 10μM approximated THC binding at 200nM. We therefore suspect some of our THCA-A binding curve was artifact—from its inevitable decarboxylation into THC—and the binding affinity of THCA-A is even weaker than our estimated values. We conclude that THCA-A has little affinity or efficacy at CB1 or CB2.

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Long term stability of cannabis resin and cannabis extracts

Cited by 60 publications

References 14 publications

Metabolic Profiling of Cannabis Secondary Metabolites for Evaluation of Optimal Postharvest Storage Conditions

Metabolic Profiling of Cannabis Secondary Metabolites for Evaluation of Optimal Postharvest Storage Conditions

Analysis of Isomeric Cannabinoid Standards and Cannabis Products by UPLC‑ESI‑TWIM-MS: a Comparison with GC‑MS and GC × GC-QMS

Affinity and Efficacy Studies of Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid A at Cannabinoid Receptor Types One and Two

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