“…Energy harvesters, as emerging energy supply devices, leverage various mechanisms, such as piezoelectric [ 1 , 2 , 3 ], electromagnetic [ 4 , 5 ], triboelectric [ 6 , 7 ], and photovoltaic [ 8 , 9 ] effects, to convert mechanical energy, wind energy, solar energy, and other forms of ambient energy into electrical energy for external output. Among them, piezoelectric energy harvesters [ 10 , 11 , 12 ] have been employed in widespread applications due to their simple structure [ 13 , 14 ], long lifespan [ 15 , 16 ], and high adaptability [ 17 , 18 , 19 ] to environmental conditions. These devices operate by utilizing the mechanical energy obtained from the external environment to induce deformation in the internal piezoelectric material.…”