Long-term stable obesity increases risk of hypertension

Abstract

Objectives: Although some prospective cohort studies have shown that baseline BMI is positively associated with a future incident risk for hypertension, these studies do not account for weight changes during the observation period. Therefore, it is not evident whether future incident risk for hypertension in obese, non-hypertensive people increases when their weight remains stable. We examined the association between long-term weight stability and risk for developing hypertension. Methods: A total of 5201 Japanese male workers aged 30-59 years underwent health checkups in 2002 and were followed through 2006. To consider transitions in covariates during the follow-up period, we used a time-dependent covariate Cox proportional hazard model to compute the relative risks (RRs) of incident hypertension. Furthermore, as a complementary analysis, we restricted the data to individuals whose BMI remained unchanged ( ± 5% of baseline BMI) during the follow-up and compared the RRs between BMI categories. Conclusions: A higher baseline BMI increases future incident risk for hypertension even when there has been no major weight increase. Weight management should be encouraged for obese, non-hypertensive people to prevent future hypertension.

Type 2 diabetes from pediatric to geriatric age: analysis of gender and obesity among 120 183 patients from the German/Austrian DPV database

“…Males !60 years significantly more often had hypertension and dyslipidemia than sameaged females. Other studies have reported similar findings (25,26,27,28). Possible reasons for these gender differences include the fact that older women have adverse changes in inflammatory processes and biomarkers (e.g.…”

Role of Body Mass Index History in Predicting Risk of the Development of Hypertension in Japanese Individuals

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Also, it has been noted that weight gain increases the risk of hypertension, 1,2,7,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] whereas weight loss contributes to a reduction in risk. [18][19][20] However, it has not been fully clarified whether overall adiposity in early adulthood such as around age 20 years or at the lifetime maximum would irreversibly confer a residual risk of hypertension after considering the risk associated with current adiposity.…”

Changes in body mass index, waist circumference and percent body fat rather than their baseline values were significantly associated with incident hypertension after being adjusted for baseline blood pressure in men

“…In their secondary analysis, Tsujimoto et al found that the HR of incident hypertension for individuals who were not obese (BMI <25 kg/m 2 ) at baseline but obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ) after 5 years was significantly higher compared with that for those who were not obese both at baseline and after 5-years. Conversely, the HR of incident hypertension for those who were obese at baseline but not obese after 5 years was not significantly higher than that for those who were not obese both at baseline and after 5-years 27) . This finding suggests a stronger association of weight change than of baseline obesity with incident hypertension in Japanese.…”

“…In Japan, Ishikawa-Takata et al reported that both baseline BMI and weight gain during follow-up were associated with incident hypertension in Japanese men 17) . Matsuo et al 27) and Tsujimoto et al 28) reported that baseline obesity is associated with incident hypertension independently of weight change during follow-up. In their secondary analysis, Tsujimoto et al found that the HR of incident hypertension for individuals who were not obese (BMI <25 kg/m 2 ) at baseline but obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ) after 5 years was significantly higher compared with that for those who were not obese both at baseline and after 5-years.…”

“…Obese individuals with metabolic risk factors may make an effort to reduce their body weight because obesity is well known to be unhealthy, as is the concept of metabolic syndrome 25,26) . Few studies demonstrated that a higher baseline BMI is still associated with a higher risk of hypertension, even if the baseline BMI remained stable during the follow-up period 27,28) . A study reported that the odds for hypertension were significantly related to BMI at followup when adjusted for baseline BMI, but generally not to baseline BMI when adjusted for follow-up BMI 29) .…”