Long-Term Study of Corneal Stroma and Endothelium on Structure and Cells After Genipin Treatment of Rabbit Corneas

Abstract

Purpose To study the long-term safety of genipin treatment using a vacuum device with or without epithelial cells at different crosslinking times. Methods Twenty-five healthy New Zealand white rabbits were separated into five treatment groups: 0.25% genipin with epithelial cells for 5 minutes (G1), 0.25% genipin without epithelial cells for 5 minutes (G2), 0.25% genipin without epithelial cells for 10 minutes (G3), ultraviolet A–riboflavin collagen crosslinking (UVA), and controls (C). Before and 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after crosslinking treatment, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT), in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), and the Pentacam system were used to evaluate the right eyes. Results A demarcation line (DL) was observed in the corneal stroma in the G2, G3, and UVA groups. The DL depths in the G2 and G3 groups were stable but decreased in the UVA group over time. The density of keratocytes in these groups increased. Endothelial cell density was decreased in the UVA group. There were no differences in the endothelium before and after treatment in the G1, G2, G3, and C groups. The densitometry, as determined using the Pentacam system, significantly increased in the G2, G3, and UVA groups and was positively correlated with keratocyte densities. Conclusions A vacuum ring assisting local genipin immersion crosslinking without corneal epithelium can activate the keratocytes in the corneal stroma and was safe enough for the thin cornea. Translational Relevance Genipin can not only crosslink the collagen fibers but also activate the keratocytes and even may promote collagen fiber secretion.

Recent advances in medicinal compounds related to corneal crosslinking

“…This method possessed the features of safety, rapidness and strong operability, but was greatly affected by the preservation of corneal epithelium. Genipin CXL showed better endothelial safety than RFlavin-UVA CXL from a 2-week observation (Song et al, 2021), but there was no difference in the elevation of intraocular pressure (Avila et al, 2012).…”

Stress stimulation maintaining by genipin crosslinked hydrogel promotes annulus fibrosus healing

“…In fact, adhesives with excellent bonding strength and biocompatibility are still under development [ 14 ]. Among them, genipin is a biological crosslinking agent extracted from the fruits of gardenia jasminoides and genipin americana [ 15 ], with the characteristic of enhancing gel's bonding strength and successfully used in the treatment of cartilage degeneration [ 16 ], central neurodegenerative diseases [ 17 ] and eyes related diseases [ 18 , 19 ]. This unique natural crosslinker is in favor rather than others [ 11 ] because it not only enhances the gel strength to bridge the ruptured interface but also helps to provide a hypertoxicity [ 20 ] environment for cell homing, proliferation, and differentiation [ 21 ], which is one of the most potential options for repairing AF.…”