Long‐term study of the biochemistry and biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament‐patellar tendon autografts in goats

Ng, Gabriel Y.F.; Oakes, Barry W; Deacon, Owen W.; McLean, Iain D.; Eyre, David R.

doi:10.1002/jor.1100140602

Cited by 72 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…ACL reconstruction using a canine model shows early degenerative changes after this type of intraarticular procedure (Setton et al 1994, Jarvinen et al 1995. However, recent studies have reported long-term success, up to 3 years, when studying ACL reconstruction in a goat model (Jackson et al 1987, 1993, Ng et al 1996a. Our study suggests that the proposed ACL reconstruction technique can successfully restore the kinematics of an intact knee and permit observation of the strong interaction between ACL reconstruction and the MCL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Due to the difficult surgical technique for ACL reconstruction using smaller animals such as rabbits, the goat knee was chosen as an experimental model because it has had long-term success with ACL reconstruction (Ng et al 1996a, b). Furthermore, the use of robotic technology has facilitated the study of knee kinematics in multiple degrees-of-freedom (DOF) and determination of in situ forces in individual ligaments , Rudy et al 1996.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Interaction between the ACL graft and MCL in a combined ACL+MCL knee injury using a goat model

Benjamin

Papageogiou

Debski

et al. 2000

Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between the ACL graft and MCL in a combined ACL+MCL knee injury using a goat model

Benjamin

Papageogiou

Debski

et al. 2000

Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica

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“…LOX-derived cross-linking increases during adult tendon aging and wound healing (14,40), and it is believed to contribute significantly to mature tendon mechanical properties, although reports are inconsistent. LOX-derived hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP) cross-linking density was significantly correlated to elastic modulus in goat patellar tendon (41) but not in equine superficial digital flexor tendon (42) or human patellar tendon (43). In contrast, there are limited data of collagen cross-linking in embryonic tendon, and the focus was on a single embryonic time point without examining mechanical contributions (44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of mechanical and biochemical properties of developing embryonic tendon

Marturano

Arena

Schiller

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

167

277

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Tendons have uniquely high tensile strength, critical to their function to transfer force from muscle to bone. When injured, their innate healing response results in aberrant matrix organization and functional properties. Efforts to regenerate tendon are challenged by limited understanding of its normal development. Consequently, there are few known markers to assess tendon formation and parameters to design tissue engineering scaffolds. We profiled mechanical and biological properties of embryonic tendon and demonstrated functional properties of developing tendon are not wholly reflected by protein expression and tissue morphology. Using force volume-atomic force microscopy, we found that nano-and microscale tendon elastic moduli increase nonlinearly and become increasingly spatially heterogeneous during embryonic development. When we analyzed potential biochemical contributors to modulus, we found statistically significant but weak correlation between elastic modulus and collagen content, and no correlation with DNA or glycosaminoglycan content, indicating there are additional contributors to mechanical properties. To investigate collagen cross-linking as a potential contributor, we inhibited lysyl oxidasemediated collagen cross-linking, which significantly reduced tendon elastic modulus without affecting collagen morphology or DNA, glycosaminoglycan, and collagen content. This suggests that lysyl oxidase-mediated cross-linking plays a significant role in the development of embryonic tendon functional properties and demonstrates that changes in cross-links alter mechanical properties without affecting matrix content and organization. Taken together, these data demonstrate the importance of functional markers to assess tendon development and provide a profile of tenogenic mechanical properties that may be implemented in tissue engineering scaffold design to mechanoregulate new tendon regeneration.musculoskeletal | second harmonic generation T endon is a principal tissue involved in movement, functioning primarily to transfer loads from muscle to bone. Acute and chronic tendon injuries are significant clinical problems due to poor innate healing ability and drawbacks associated with surgical repair (1, 2). In 2006, musculoskeletal symptoms were the second most frequent reason for physician visits in the United States, resulting in over 130 million visits at a cost of nearly $850 billion (3). Almost half of these visits involved tendons and ligaments, with incidence expected to rise with an aging population. Thus, efforts have focused on engineering new tissues for replacement, although this has been challenged by a paucity of markers with which to assess functional tendon development and few known cues to direct differentiation and new tissue formation.Characterization of tendon formation in embryonic or engineered tissue has typically relied on molecular markers, as well as matrix composition and organization (4-9). Although useful for assessing cell differentiation and ECM deposition during tissue formation, t...

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“…The non-vascularized tendon graft subsequently undergoes a process of remodeling after implantation into the intraarticular environment by means of reorganizing its cellularity and extracellular matrix structure [40]. The process of graft tissue remodeling has been extensively studied in the past with respect to revascularization and reinervation, changes in cell morphology and distribu-tion, collagen fiber reorganization, and restoration of extracellular matrix protein distribution [3,4,6,[8][9][10]23,27,28,40]. So far the expression of cytoskeletal proteins as markers of phenotypic modulations of fibroblastic cells has not been investigated during cruciate ligament autograft remodeling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

α‐Smooth muscle actin is expressed by fibroblastic cells of the ovine anterior cruciate ligament and its free tendon graft during remodeling

Weiler

Unterhauser

Bail

et al. 2002

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Contractile fibroblastic cells expressing the a-smooth muscle actin isoform, so-called myofibroblasts, have been identified to play a possible role during the healing of the medial collateral ligament by means of restoring the tissues in situ strain via extracellular matrix contraction. Recently, these cells have also been identified to be a normal part of the human anterior cruciate ligament. It has been hypothesized that myofibroblasts play a role in the wrinkling of the extracellular matrix. The goal of the present study was to identify myofibroblasts in the intact ovine anterior cruciate ligament and a free autologous tendon graft during remodeling after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. In 36 mature merino sheep the anterior cruciate ligament was replaced with an ipsilateral Achilles tendon split graft. Midsubstance tissue samples were immunostained for a-smooth muscle actin at 6,9, 12,24, 52, and 104 weeks. Myofibroblasts were identified in the intact ovine anterior cruciate ligament as well as in the Achilles tendon graft prior to implantation. During remodeling the first myofibroblasts were found at six weeks within newly formed fiber bundles. At 24, 52, and 104 weeks myofibroblast distribution and cell density were similar to those of the intact ovine anterior cruciate ligament. These findings indicate that a-smooth muscle actin containing fibroblastic cells are a regular part of the intact as well as the remodeled anterior cruciate ligament. There is evidence that myofibroblasts may be involved in maintaining tissue homeostasis in the mature ligament e.g., by means of crimp formation. The presence of these cells during the early remodeling may further indicate that asmooth muscle actin containing fibroblastic cells are involved in the earliest stages of fiber bundle formation. The role and function of this special cell type for the anterior cruciate ligament needs to be further clarified.

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Long‐term study of the biochemistry and biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament‐patellar tendon autografts in goats

Cited by 72 publications

References 24 publications

Interaction between the ACL graft and MCL in a combined ACL+MCL knee injury using a goat model

Interaction between the ACL graft and MCL in a combined ACL+MCL knee injury using a goat model

Characterization of mechanical and biochemical properties of developing embryonic tendon

α‐Smooth muscle actin is expressed by fibroblastic cells of the ovine anterior cruciate ligament and its free tendon graft during remodeling

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