Long-Term Study on Tenacity of Avian Influenza Viruses in Water (Distilled Water, Normal Saline, and Surface Water) at Different Temperatures

Nazir, Jawad; Haumacher, Renate; Ike, Anthony C.; Stumpf, Petra; Böhm, Reinhard; Marschang, Rachel E.

doi:10.1637/9158-875409-digest.1

Cited by 14 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…In addition, further research should focus on profiling the role of environmental factors on the persistence of AIV (Nazir et al . ) within waterfowl populations, and in identifying the types and dynamics of AIV strains circulating in relation to host communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of breeding phenology and aggregation of waterfowl on avian influenza dynamics in southern Africa

Mundava

Caron

Garine‐Wichatitsky

et al. 2016

Ibis

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Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV) in birds, humans and other mammalian species calls for a better understanding of virus dynamics in wild bird species and populations that act as maintenance hosts. Host ecology influences the transmission of pathogens and can be used to explore and infer pathogen dynamics. Most of the ecological processes proposed to explain AIV transmission in wild birds have been derived from studies conducted in the temperate and boreal regions of the northern hemisphere. We evaluate the role of two key drivers of AIV dynamics in a waterfowl community in Zimbabwe (southern Africa): (1) the recruitment of young birds and (2) the seasonal aggregation of birds. We analyse the seasonal variation of AIV prevalence in waterfowl and overlay these data with the phenology of reproduction and the seasonal variation in the local abundance of these species. We find that the breeding period of southern Afrotropical waterfowl species is more extended and somewhat less synchronized among species in the community than is the case in temperate and boreal waterfowl communities. Young birds are recorded at most times of the year, and these immunologically naïve individuals can therefore act as new hosts for AIV throughout the year within the wild bird population. Although host aggregation peaks in the cold-dry to hot-dry season, birds still aggregate throughout the year and this potentially spreads the opportunities for first infection of juveniles and other naïve birds temporally. We did not find a relationship between season, AIV prevalence in waterfowl, the influx of juveniles or the gradual aggregation of birds during the dry season. Therefore, the main drivers of AIV dynamics (juvenile influx and host abundance/aggregation), although present in Afrotropical regions, could not explain the AIV seasonal patterns in our study in contrast to results reported from temperate and boreal regions. These differences imply variation in the risk of AIV circulation in waterfowl and in the risk of spread to poultry, other animals or humans. (Résumé d'auteur

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of breeding phenology and aggregation of waterfowl on avian influenza dynamics in southern Africa

Mundava

Caron

Garine‐Wichatitsky

et al. 2016

Ibis

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“…Dilution of viral particles in the environment may reduce the rate of direct virus transmission. Still, wetlands are likely critical to transmission because LPAI viruses may persist in water for extended periods of time depending on environmental conditions (Stallknecht et al, 1990a, b;Zarkov, 2006;Brown et al, 2007;Stallknecht and Brown, 2009;Nazir et al, 2010), and thus susceptible birds may become exposed to AI viruses even after the departure of infectious individuals. These results concur with models developed by Breban et al (2009) and Rohani et al (2009), which suggested that AI cannot persist in many wild bird populations without environmental transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Influenza Shedding Patterns in Waterfowl: Implications for Surveillance, Environmental Transmission, and Disease Spread

Hénaux

Samuel

2011

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Despite the recognized importance of fecal/oral transmission of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) via contaminated wetlands, little is known about the length, quantity, or route of AI virus shed by wild waterfowl. We used published laboratory challenge studies to evaluate the length and quantity of low pathogenic (LP) and highly pathogenic (HP) virus shed via oral and cloacal routes by AI-infected ducks and geese, and how these factors might influence AI epidemiology and virus detection. We used survival analysis to estimate the duration of infection (from virus inoculation to the last day virus was shed) and nonlinear models to evaluate temporal patterns in virus shedding. We found higher mean virus titer and longer median infectious period for LPAI-infected ducks (10-11.5 days in oral and cloacal swabs) than HPAI-infected ducks (5 days) and geese (7.5 days). Based on the median bird infectious dose, we found that environmental contamination is two times higher for LPAI- than HPAI-infectious ducks, which implies that susceptible birds may have a higher probability of infection during LPAI than HPAI outbreaks. Less environmental contamination during the course of infection and previously documented shorter environmental persistence for HPAI than LPAI suggest that the environment is a less favorable reservoir for HPAI. The longer infectious period, higher virus titers, and subclinical infections with LPAI viruses favor the spread of these viruses by migratory birds in comparison to HPAI. Given the lack of detection of HPAI viruses through worldwide surveillance, we suggest monitoring for AI should aim at improving our understanding of AI dynamics (in particular, the role of the environment and immunity) using long-term comprehensive live bird, serologic, and environmental sampling at targeted areas. Our findings on LPAI and HPAI shedding patterns over time provide essential information to parameterize environmental transmission and virus spread in predictive epizootiologic models of disease risks.

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“…Reperant et al (2010) recently found spatial and temporal correlation between outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and ambient temperatures between 0° and 2°C in the two days preceding an outbreak. The authors suggest that this may be due to changes in transmission‐relevant host behaviour, such as aggregation intensity and the species composition of such aggregations, as well as potentially enhanced environmental transmission due to increased viral persistence at low temperatures (Nazir et al 2010). Indeed, environmental transmission of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses is increasingly recognized as essential mechanism for viral persistence (Breban et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstructing an annual cycle of interaction: natural infection and antibody dynamics to avian influenza along a migratory flyway

Hoye

Munster

Nishiura

et al. 2010

Oikos

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Migratory animals may play an important role in connecting disparate ecosystems, including the introduction of various pathogens. Th e incidence of these pathogens may vary over time and space, such that events along the entire migratory fl yway are likely to be important in the interaction between pathogens and their migratory hosts. On this premise, the annual cycle of a naturally occurring host-pathogen system was reconstructed by examining infection with and antibodies to avian infl uenza virus along the fl yway of a long-distance Arctic migrant, the Svalbard-breeding pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus . A highly-localized transmission period was identifi ed in winter, in contrast to the north -south decline expected from dabbling ducks, indicating the dynamics of infection may diff er among host species. In spring, 63% (95% CI: 57.1, 68.9) of adults had detectable antibodies to the nucleoprotein of avian infl uenza virus, compared to just 15% (95% CI: 8.7, 23.4) of juveniles, suggesting inter-annual antibody maintenance. Nevertheless, adult seroprevalence declined by approximately 30% from spring to late summer, indicating signifi cant seroreversion in the population. Integrating these fi ndings in an epidemiological model, detectable antibodies to nucleoprotein were estimated to persist for just 343 days (95% CI: 221, 607); considerably shorter than for other wildlife diseases in long-lived bird species. Th e investigation of wildlife diseases in migratory populations is an inherently complex task, yet, by integrating disease incidence and seroprevalence along a migratory fl yway, our fi ndings suggest that the ecological interactions and life history of the host, as well as the life-history of the pathogen, can infl uence the dynamics of infection and host immune response.

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Long-Term Study on Tenacity of Avian Influenza Viruses in Water (Distilled Water, Normal Saline, and Surface Water) at Different Temperatures

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

The role of breeding phenology and aggregation of waterfowl on avian influenza dynamics in southern Africa

The role of breeding phenology and aggregation of waterfowl on avian influenza dynamics in southern Africa

Avian Influenza Shedding Patterns in Waterfowl: Implications for Surveillance, Environmental Transmission, and Disease Spread

Reconstructing an annual cycle of interaction: natural infection and antibody dynamics to avian influenza along a migratory flyway

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