Long-term Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim in Wegener's Granulomatosis

Effects of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim associated to resveratrol on its free form and complexed with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on cytokines levels of mice infected by Toxoplasma gondii

“…Additionally, it was observed what the treatment with ST of infected animals (groups F, I and J), induced a lower level of pro-inflammatory cytokines assessed in serum when compared to infected and untreated mice, which is similar to that reported by Barbosa et al [15]. Therefore, the treatment with ST, by itself, is capable of reducing cytokine levels in healthy animals, such as mice infected by T. gondii, also leading to a mild immunosuppressive action, a fact already describe by other authors [22,23]. In addition, there is a study reporting that the monotherapy with ST reduced the serum levels of soluble IL-2 receptor and IL-6, and thus, suggesting that ST may inhibit T cell activation and may suppress cytokine production [24].…”

“…It demonstrates that both drugs used in the treatment of T. gondii infection can modulate the inflammatory response, as described above. These IL-10 results can be easily explained, since ST and resveratrol were already reported as promoting suppressive [22] and anti-inflammatory [12,28] effects. Thus, these compounds when used in our experimental design were able to modulate the cytokine release, a situation that can be interpreted as a protective effect on the host.…”

Two Cases of Severe Bronchiectasis Successfully Treated with a Prolonged Course of Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole.

“…More recently, there have also been several reports concerning long-term (over a year) TMP-SMZ regimens for various diseases, and no severe side effects were observed (3,(7)(8)(9). Long-term therapy with TMPSMZseems to be safe and effective, although the length of the period it maybe used without adverse side effects has not been determined.…”

Generalized Wegener's Granulomatosis Responding to Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim Monotherapy.

“…S/T may be effective against the putative unknowninfectious agent. The other proposed explanation is that S/T may have some immunosuppressive action (12,14). The pathogenesis of WG includes changes and activation of the immunesystem, resulting in an increase in the production of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-cc, IL-2, and IL-6 (20).…”

“…Since then, several therapeutic trials of S/T in WGhave been performed (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). Recent prospective trials have indicated the effectiveness of S/T as first-line therapy for patients with "initial phase" WG, i.e., symptoms restricted to the upper and/or lower airways without constitutional symptoms or systemic vasculitis.…”