Long-term trends and fine year-to-year tuning of phytoplankton in large lakes are ruled by eutrophication and atmospheric modes of variability

Homogenised daily lake surface water temperature data generated from multiple satellite sensors: A long-term case study of a large sub-Alpine lake

“…Investigations carried out on the large lakes south of the Alps using non-parametric tests on volume weighted spring mean temperature derived from long-term in-situ data series from 1970 to 2009 showed a significant warming rate of 0.012–0.028 °C yr −1 , at a rate comparable with that of other European and North American lakes 17 18 . The year-to-year fluctuations in the thermal structure were shown to be strictly controlled by large scale atmospheric dynamics between the N-Atlantic and the Mediterranean regions 19 , 20 . Results of limnological studies carried out in the largest and deepest lakes south of the Alps Lake Garda, Lake Iseo, Lake Como, Lake Lugano and Lake Maggiore 17 , pointed out the need of integrating interdisciplinary approaches to the scientific based long-term monitoring.…”