Long-term Use of Nicotine vs Placebo Gum

Hughes, John R.; Gust, Steven W.; Keenan, Robert M.; Fenwick, James W.; Skoog, Kelli; Higgins, Stephen T.

doi:10.1001/archinte.1991.00400100073012

Cited by 43 publications

References 33 publications

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Pharmacotherapy of Smoking Cessation

Okuyemi¹

2000

Archives of Family Medicine

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Tobacco use is the number one cause of preventable diseases in the United States. Smoking accounts for more than 400,000 deaths yearly and 30% of all cancer deaths. Primary care physicians have access to 70% of smokers, approximately 60% of whom are perceived to be in excellent health. Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of nicotine addiction, including nicotine nasal spray, nicotine inhaler, bupropion hydrochloride, and over-the-counter transdermal nicotine patches, have increased the treatment options physicians can offer to smokers. Physicians, especially those in primary care specialties, should familiarize themselves with these products to improve efforts to help their patients stop smoking. This article reviews scientific data on the efficacy of approved medications, benefits, adverse effects, and appropriate use of these products. We also discuss nicotine addiction and treatment for special populations, including women, ethnic minorities, light smokers, and patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases.

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Pharmacotherapy of Smoking Cessation

Okuyemi¹

2000

Archives of Family Medicine

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Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation

Stead

Perera

Bullen

et al. 2008

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

820

858

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Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation

Stead

Perera

Bullen

et al. 2012

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

1,150

496

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BackgroundThe aim of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is to temporarily replace much of the nicotine from cigarettes to reduce motivation to smoke and nicotine withdrawal symptoms, thus easing the transition from cigarette smoking to complete abstinence. ObjectivesThe aims of this review were:To determine the effect of NRT compared to placebo in aiding smoking cessation, and to consider whether there is a difference in effect for the different forms of NRT (chewing gum, transdermal patches, oral and nasal sprays, inhalers and tablets/lozenges) in achieving abstinence from cigarettes.To determine whether the effect is influenced by the dosage, form and timing of use of NRT; the intensity of additional advice and support offered to the smoker; or the clinical setting in which the smoker is recruited and treated.To determine whether combinations of NRT are more likely to lead to successful quitting than one type alone.To determine whether NRT is more or less likely to lead to successful quitting compared to other pharmacotherapies. Search methodsWe searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register for papers mentioning 'NRT' or any type of nicotine replacement therapy in the title, abstract or keywords. Date of most recent search July 2012. Selection criteriaRandomized trials in which NRT was compared to placebo or to no treatment, or where different doses of NRT were compared. We excluded trials which did not report cessation rates, and those with follow-up of less than six months. Data collection and analysisWe extracted data in duplicate on the type of participants, the dose, duration and form of nicotine therapy, the outcome measures, method of randomization, and completeness of follow-up.The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months of follow-up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) for each study. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model.

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Long-term Use of Nicotine vs Placebo Gum

Cited by 43 publications

References 33 publications

Pharmacotherapy of Smoking Cessation

Pharmacotherapy of Smoking Cessation

Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation

Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation

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