Long velocity tails in plasmas and gravitational systems

Abstract

Long tails in the velocity distribution are observed in plasmas and gravitational systems. Some experiments and observations in far-from-equilibrium conditions show that these tails behave as 1/v 5/2 . We show here that such heavy tails are due to a universal mechanism related to the fluctuations of the total force field. Owing to the divergence in 1/r 2 of the binary interaction force, these fluctuations can be very large and their probability density exhibits a similar long tail. They induce large velocity fluctuations leading to the 1/v 5/2 tail. We extract the mechanism causing these properties from the BBGKY hierarchy representation of Statistical Mechanics. This leads to a modification of the Vlasov equation by an additional term. The novel term involves a fractional power 3/4 of the Laplacian in velocity space and a fractional iterated time integral. Solving the new kinetic equation for a uniform system, we retrieve the observed 1/v 5/2 tail for the velocity distribution. These results are confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations.

Phase mixing importance for both Landau instability and damping

“…[48] Therefore, a microscopic description involving actual particles, rather than a continuum represented by a smooth distribution function in (r, v) space, is their physical fundamental model [18,19]. As deriving a kinetic model for singular interactions, with the Coulomb divergence at short range, remains a challenge [5,11,30], understanding basic plasma phenomena from the N -body picture is important. Moreover, the N -body approach yields its own benefits, such as showing unexpected connections between Landau damping and Debye screening [21].…”