Longevity and cardiovascular mortality of Polish elite football players

Gajda, Janusz; Śmigielski, Witold; Śmigielski, Janusz; Pakos, Elżbieta; Drygas, Wojciech

doi:10.5603/kp.a2018.0173

Cited by 6 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The Newcastle-Ottawa scale assesses the methodological quality, and generalisability of an individual study, with higher scores indicating high methodological quality. Of a possible maximum score of 9 on the Newcastle-Ottawa quality score, five, six, nine and four papers scored nine [30][31][32][33][34], eight [35][36][37][38][39][40], seven [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] and six [50][51][52][53], respectively. Funnel plots were used to assess publication bias ( Supplementary Figures 2-4), with all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality demonstrating publication bias, indicated by the wide range of log SMRs reported in the included studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elite athletes may be characterised by healthier lifestyles post-retirement than the general population and engage in more leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), both of which predict all-cause mortality [31,44,57,58]. It is, therefore, not currently possible to * Gadja et al [49] presented two separate standard mortality risk (SMR) scores for ages under, and over, 65 which was impossible to separate. The star highlights the SMR for over 65's distinguish the influence of intensive training per se from overall lifestyle factors.…”

Section: All-cause Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, it may be worth noting that when Sarna et al [30] and Kettunen et al [35] used a control group formed of military fit personnel, the SPMR was not significantly different relative to elite athletes (0.92 and 0.98, respectively). Additionally, some studies have only reported survival benefits up to a specific age, rather than across the whole lifespan [40,46,49]. Specifically, Schnohr [46] found that athletes up to 50 years had a SMR of 0.61, with athletes aged over 50 and 65 years having SMR's of 1.08 and 1.02, respectively.…”

Section: All-cause Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health Consequences of an Elite Sporting Career: Long-Term Detriment or Long-Term Gain? A Meta-Analysis of 165,000 Former Athletes

2020

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Introduction Exercise is widely accepted to improve health, reducing the risk of premature mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. However, several epidemiological studies suggest that the exercise-longevity relationship may be ‘J’ shaped; with elite athlete’s likely training above these intensity and volume thresholds. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to examine this relationship in former elite athletes. Methods 38,047 English language articles were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed and SportDiscus databases published after 1970, of which 44 and 24 were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. Athletes were split into three groups depending on primary sport: Endurance (END), Mixed/Team, or power (POW). Standard mortality ratio’s (SMR) and standard proportionate mortality ratio (SPMR) were obtained, or calculated, and combined for the meta-analysis. Results Athletes lived significantly longer than the general population (male SMR 0.69 [95% CI 0.61–0.78]; female SMR 0.51 [95% CI 0.40–0.65]; both p < 0.01). There was no survival benefit for male POW athletes compared to the general population (SMR 1.04 [95% CI 0.91–1.12]). Although male athlete’s CVD (SMR 0.73 [95% CI 0.62–0.85]) and cancer mortality (SMR 0.75 [95% CI 0.63–0.89]), were significantly reduced compared to the general population, there was no risk-reduction for POW athletes CVD mortality (SMR 1.10 [0.86–1.40]) or END athletes cancer mortality (SMR 0.73 [0.50–1.07]). There was insufficient data to calculate female sport-specific SMR’s. Discussion Overall, athletes live longer and have a reduced incidence of both CVD and cancer mortality compared to the general population, refuting the ‘J’ shape hypothesis. However, different health risks may be apparent according to sports classification, and between sexes, warranting further investigation. Trial registration PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42019130688).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: All-cause Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: All-cause Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health Consequences of an Elite Sporting Career: Long-Term Detriment or Long-Term Gain? A Meta-Analysis of 165,000 Former Athletes

2020

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“…Lastly, prothrombotic changes in the haemostatic system and haematologic indices are observed, namely: increased markers of procoagulant activity [36], increased platelet aggregability, decreased fibrinolytic activity [7,37], and increased haematocrit [38] and blood viscosity [39]. Interestingly, a recent study found that cardiovascular diseases were a more common cause of death among elite Polish footballers than in the general male population [40].…”

Section: Per-match Day Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Football spectatorship and selected acute cardiovascular events: lack of a population-scale association in Poland

Simon¹,

Małek²,

Śliwczyński³

et al. 2020

Kardiol Pol

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“…Despite the fact that football is extremely popular globally, there is a paucity of data analyzing how competitive football playing influences life duration [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Moreover, the available data rarely address the issue of position occupied by football players on the pitch [ 12 ]. Football is a complex game with an inconsistent level of intensity of physical effort during the game or training.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Goalkeepers Live Longer than Field Players: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis Based on World-Class Football Players

Śmigielski

Gajda²,

Małek

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The purpose of this article is to study whether the position occupied by footballers on the pitch influences their life duration. It is known that various types of sporting activity (endurance, resistance, or mixed) may influence lifespan in different ways. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the role of different positions played in team sports such as football. Our research was based on elite international football players born before 1923 who took part in the first three football World Cups (n = 443) or played in the 1946/1947 season in the leading clubs of the main European leagues (n = 280). Goalkeepers were characterized by a 5–8-year longer life duration compared to their colleagues playing in other positions (World Cup: 82.0 ± 7.0 vs. 74.0 ± 8.0, p = 0.0047; European leagues: 83.0 ± 7.5 vs. 78.0 ± 8.0, p = 0.0023), with an absence of differences between defenders, midfielders, and forwards. Moreover, in both of the analyzed subgroups, the rate of survival until the 85th birthday was significantly higher among goalkeepers than among field players (p = 0.0102 and p = 0.0048, for both studied groups, respectively).

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Longevity and cardiovascular mortality of Polish elite football players

Abstract: The study results point to excess cardiovascular mortality among Polish elite footballers. A trend analysis has shown, however, that its level is falling.

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

Health Consequences of an Elite Sporting Career: Long-Term Detriment or Long-Term Gain? A Meta-Analysis of 165,000 Former Athletes

Health Consequences of an Elite Sporting Career: Long-Term Detriment or Long-Term Gain? A Meta-Analysis of 165,000 Former Athletes

Football spectatorship and selected acute cardiovascular events: lack of a population-scale association in Poland

Goalkeepers Live Longer than Field Players: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis Based on World-Class Football Players

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