Longitudinal analysis of 5-year refractive changes in a large Japanese population

Takeuchi, Masaki; Meguro, Akira; Yoshida, Masao; Yamane, Takahiro; Yatsu, Keisuke; Okada, Eiichi; Mizuki, Nobuhisa

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06898-x

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The results indicated that age is expected to reduce the probability of myopic shift, that is, younger children were at a greater risk of having a myopic shift. These findings are in line with other studies showing that younger age is associated with a faster progression of myopia when compared to older ages 24 . Studies show a decline in progression speed with increasing age in young myopes of both European and Asian ethnicity [25][26][27] .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Myopia is not a global epidemic: - what can we learn from a longitudinal study conducted in Sweden?

Demir

Baskaran

Ramos

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Purpose The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the incidence of myopia, incidence of myopic shift and associated risk factors in Swedish schoolchildren. Methods A longitudinal study was conducted between Jan-2019 and June-2021. Participants were Swedish schoolchildren aged 8-16 years. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) equal to or less than -0.50D. Myopic shift was defined as a minimum change in SER of -0.50D between measurements. The cumulative incidence and incidence rate was computed, Cox proportional hazards regression model and linear mixed models were used to modulate myopic shift and changes in SER. Results The study enrolled 128 participants, 86% Caucasian, 5.8% dropped-out during follow-up. The baseline prevalence of myopia was 10.0%, hyperopia was 48.0%, and emmetropia was 42.0%. The cumulative incidence of myopia during the two-years was 5.5%, incidence rate of myopia was 3.2 cases per 100 person-years. The cumulative incidence of myopic shift during the two-years was 21.0%, incidence rate of myopic shift was 12.4 cases per 100 person-years. Cox regression revealed that the probability of myopic shift reduced with age and increased with axial length/corneal-curvature ratio. Myopic children at the baseline and children with two myopic parents showed a significant faster-paced SER change over time. Conclusions In the current study the incidence of myopia and myopic shift was low when compared with countries in East Asia. Parental myopia remains a critical factor to consider when predicting myopia progression. Further studies involving children from different ethnicities and incorporating longer follow-up period would further our understanding of the incidence of myopia in Swedish schoolchildren.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Myopia is not a global epidemic: - what can we learn from a longitudinal study conducted in Sweden?

Demir

Baskaran

Ramos

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“… 12 Takeuchi et al indicated that a 5-year SE change in participants aged 20–29 years who had SE at a baseline of −0.75 to −6.50 D was −0.23 to −0.49 D and −0.19 to −0.39 D in Japanese males and females, respectively. 33 McBrien et al reported microscopists aged 21 to 63 years (mean age of 29.7 years) progressed by at least −0.37 D over a 2-year period. 32 The prospective single cohort study (Raine Study) examined participants’ eyes at age 20 years and follow-up at 28 years, which indicated a myopic shift of −0.04 D per year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, it was not possible to stratify the participants by sex and SER at baseline for the well-known risk factors of myopic progression. 33 Second, the questionnaire used for this study was not validated, which might have affected the results. Lastly, recall bias may have occurred due to the data on the daily use of digital devices, social media use, and spending more time at home being collected by self-reported questionnaires.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although it is difficult to compare adult myopia progression among other studies due to the different durations between baseline and follow-up, methodology, and population, 12,14,[32][33][34] and the lack of information concerning adult myopia progression before the outbreak of COVID-19 in our population, the two-year myopia shift −0.6 D indicates a rapid progression from the past. Among Chinese medical students, the significant myopic progress during a 5-year period of follow-up was −0.7±0.65 D and −0.54 ±0.65 D, 14 while for a 2-year follow-up, it was −0.29 ±0.37 D and −0.35 ±0.31 D in males and females aged 18-21 years, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Outbreak of COVID-19-Related Myopia Progression in Adults: A Preliminary Study

Kohmarn¹,

Srisurattanamethakul²,

Watcharapalakorn³

et al. 2022

OPTO

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Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated specific public health measures, resulting in the alteration of lifestyles, such as increased digital screen time and fewer outdoor activities. Such conditions have increased the progression of myopia in children. However, no investigation of myopia progression in early adulthood has been conducted during this period. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the outbreak of COVID-19-related myopia progression among adults at an optometry clinic during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective cohort study in which participants aged 18–25 years who first visited (baseline) the optometry clinic between June 2019 and March 2020 were recruited for follow-up from November 2021 to March 2022. Spherical equivalent refraction (SER), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA), and binocular cross cylinder (BCC) were recorded at baseline and a follow-up visit. Using questionnaires, a survey was conducted to assess the lifestyle changes that transpired during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results In total, 37 participants with a mean age of 22.5±1.4 years were enrolled, of which 89.2% were female. Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, most participants self-reported increased daily use of digital devices (89.2%), online education (86.5%), and spending more time at home (94.6%), which increased by approximately 7.6±3.2 hours, 5.9±1.7 hours, and 13.2±7.5 hours, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between SER and BCC at baseline and after approximately 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic ( p < 0.05). The mean two-year myopia progression was −0.59±0.67 D (Maximum = 0.00 D, Minimum = −3.38 D). Conclusion This study revealed that myopia could progress during adulthood among those who have lived under public health measures intended to address the COVID-19 pandemic.

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“…After the examinations, the patients and guardians completed a questionnaire that included the recording of age [ 29 , 30 ], sex [ 31 ], parental myopia [ 9 ], time spent in outdoor activity before entering elementary school [ 25 ], time spent performing near work [ 32 ], reading distance [ 4 ], time spent sleeping [ 33 , 34 ], club activity (outdoors/indoors) [ 35 ], and time exposed to sunlight [ 14 , 15 ], all of which are known to be confounding environmental factors regarding myopia progression.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Term Exposure to Violet Light Emitted from Eyeglass Frames in Myopic Children: A Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial

Torii

Mori

Okano

et al. 2022

JCM

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Violet light (VL), 360–400 nm wavelength, is contained in the sunlight and is an effective element for myopia suppression. This study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of novel eyeglasses that emit VL from the frames. This is a double-masked, randomized, pilot clinical trial conducted in a clinic in Japan. Forty-three children with myopia were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups, wearing VL-emitting eyeglass frames (VLf) that emitted VL of 310 μW/cm2 (VLf group, n = 22) or pseudo-placebo eyeglass frames with a minimal emission of VL (<10 μW/cm2) (control group, n = 21). The exposure time was 3 h per day. The primary outcomes were visual acuity, tear film break-up time, corneal endothelial cell density, and the slit-lamp/fundus examinations. The secondary outcome was the 6-month changes in the axial lengths and cycloplegic refractions. Forty-one (95%) participants were included; twenty-one in the VLf group and twenty in the control group. No significant differences were seen in any safety evaluation. Significant changes were seen in axial elongation, choroidal thickness, and cycloplegic refractions in the subgroup analysis of 8- to 10-year-old children (p < 0.05), but otherwise no significant differences were seen. The VLf showed short-term safety and effectiveness against myopia progression.

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Longitudinal analysis of 5-year refractive changes in a large Japanese population

Cited by 8 publications

References 46 publications

Myopia is not a global epidemic: - what can we learn from a longitudinal study conducted in Sweden?

Myopia is not a global epidemic: - what can we learn from a longitudinal study conducted in Sweden?

Outbreak of COVID-19-Related Myopia Progression in Adults: A Preliminary Study

Short-Term Exposure to Violet Light Emitted from Eyeglass Frames in Myopic Children: A Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial

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