Longitudinal Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults

Carnethon, Mercedes R.

doi:10.1001/archinte.167.8.802

Cited by 152 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In contrast to other studies [2][3][4], our results do not indicate that depression is a causal risk factor for diabetes. Our study design differed in two aspects from these studies.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…First, depression and psychosocial complaints might be risk factors for diabetes. Indeed, several previous longitudinal studies have shown that depression increased the risk of developing diabetes [2][3][4]. Second, antidepressants themselves might be a risk factor for diabetes, as the literature indicates that antidepressant use can disturb glucose levels and glycaemic control [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A pooled analysis of nine longitudinal studies showed a 1.4-fold increased risk of diabetes in depressed patients [2]. Two subsequently published longitudinal studies confirmed a significantly increased risk of onset of type two diabetes in depressed patients [3,4], whereas two other studies did not find an increased risk of diabetes in individuals older than 50 years [5] or in antidepressant users [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antidepressant use before and after initiation of diabetes mellitus treatment

et al. 2009

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Aims/hypothesis Although current literature suggests an association between diabetes and depression, the direction of the association is unclear. We examined the temporal association between diabetes and depression by studying antidepressant and benzodiazepine use around the initiation of diabetes treatment. Methods From a pharmacy registry database we selected 49,593 diabetic patients and a random sample of non-diabetic individuals (n=154,441), all >40 years old. Antidepressant and benzodiazepine use was calculated for the 7 years before and 7 years after the index date. The index date in diabetes patients was defined as the date of initiation of diabetes medication. A random index date was assigned to nondiabetic individuals. Time-specific incidence rate ratios of antidepressant and benzodiazepine use were calculated for intervals of 1 year, 3 months and 1 month. Results Antidepressant and benzodiazepine use was increased 2 months before and 3 months after the initiation of diabetes treatment compared with non-diabetic individuals.The strongest increase in incidence of antidepressant and benzodiazepine use was seen in the month after initiation of diabetes treatment with incidence rate ratios of 2.4 (95% CI 2.0-3.0) and 3.4 (95% CI 3.0-3.8) respectively, after adjustment for age, sex and Chronic Disease Score. Conclusions/interpretation The increased incidence of antidepressant and benzodiazepine use may be a consequence of the burden of disease, of starting with diabetes medication or of being diagnosed with diabetes. Our findings could also reflect earlier detection by their physician.

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“…In contrast to other studies [2][3][4], our results do not indicate that depression is a causal risk factor for diabetes. Our study design differed in two aspects from these studies.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antidepressant use before and after initiation of diabetes mellitus treatment

et al. 2009

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“…As the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased in the United States and worldwide, it is important to track ORCs including mental disorders, which could further exacerbate the course and outcomes of physical morbidities and ultimately result in disability or impaired health-related quality of life. 24,[58][59][60] Indeed, public health intervention programs aimed to attain an ideal body weight or BMI in the population could beneficially affect both physical and mental health status. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression and anxiety among US adults: associations with body mass index

et al. 2009

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Background: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing a variety of chronic diseases, most of which are associated with psychiatric disorders. We examined the associations of depression and anxiety with body mass index (BMI) after taking into consideration the obesity-related comorbidities (ORCs) and other psychosocial or lifestyle factors. Methods: We analyzed the data collected from 177 047 participants (agedX18 years) in the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Current depression was assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 diagnostic algorithm. Lifetime diagnoses of depression, anxiety and ORCs were self-reported. The prevalence of the three psychiatric disorders was age standardized to the 2000 US population. Multivariate-adjusted prevalence ratios were computed to test associations of depression and anxiety with BMI using SUDAAN software. Results: The age-adjusted prevalence of current depression, lifetime diagnosed depression and anxiety varied significantly by gender. Within each gender, the prevalence of the three psychiatric disorders was significantly higher in both men and women who were underweight (BMIo18.5 kg/m 2 ), in women who were overweight (BMI: 25-o30 kg/m 2 ) or obese (BMIX30 kg/m 2 ), and in men who had class III obesity (BMIX40 kg/m 2 ) than in those with a normal BMI (18.5Ào25 kg/m 2 ). After adjusting for demographics, ORCs, lifestyle or psychosocial factors, compared with men with a normal BMI, men with a BMIX40 kg/m 2 were significantly more likely to have current depression or lifetime diagnosed depression and anxiety; men with a BMIo18.5 kg/m 2 were also significantly more likely to have lifetime diagnosed depression. Women who were either overweight or obese were significantly more likely than women with a normal BMI to have all the three psychiatric disorders.Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that disparities in the prevalence of depression and anxiety exist among people with different BMI levels independent of their disease status or other psychosocial or lifestyle factors.

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“…Only two of the studies in this review measured inflammatory factor levels (12,32); neither of them reported the individual effect of inflammatory factor levels on the risk of diabetes, because both studies were concerned with the effect of depression on the development of diabetes. Published reviews have suggested a PSR model to explain the link between depression and diabetes, but the reviewers report that there is little research to support this model (22), and the role of antipsychotic medication on glucose metabolism is unclear (29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%