Longitudinal Association between n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Depressive Symptoms: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Japan

Horikawa, Chika; Otsuka, Rei; Kato, Yuki; Nishita, Yukiko; Tange, Chikako; Rogi, Tomohiro; Kawashima, Hiroshi; Shibata, Hiroshi; Ando, Fujiko; Shimokata, Hiroshi

doi:10.3390/nu10111655

Cited by 23 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…Our findings about n-3 fatty acids intake are consistent with other studies, including cross-sectional [18,23,24], prospective cohort [17,[25][26][27], meta-analysis [19,28] and experimental studies [20]. The results from a cross-sectional study [23] indicated that higher n-3 fatty acids intake was inversely associated with the risk of evaluated depressive symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The results from a cross-sectional study [23] indicated that higher n-3 fatty acids intake was inversely associated with the risk of evaluated depressive symptoms. Chika Horikawa et al [27] also found the protective effect of n-3 fatty acids on depression through an established cohort. Moreover, a recent meta-analysis [19] explored the dose-response relationship between n-3 fatty acids and depression, and a reverse J-shaped effect was found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…As essential nutrients for human body, polyunsaturated fatty acids (mainly n-3 and n-6 fatty acids) have also been reported to be associated with depression [15][16][17][18]. Observational and experimental studies have indicated that a higher consumption of n-3 fatty acids is associated with lower risk of depression [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28], suggesting that n-3 fatty acids have a protective effect on depression. However, few studies have explored the association between n-6 fatty acids and depression, and the results are inconsistent [16][17][18]29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations of n-3, n-6 Fatty Acids Intakes and n-6:n-3 Ratio with the Risk of Depressive Symptoms: NHANES 2009–2016

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Many studies have explored the association between n-3 fatty acids and depression, but research on the associations of n-6 fatty acids and n-6:n-3 ratio with depression is more scarce, and the results are controversial. Therefore, we conducted this cross-sectional study to explore the associations of n-3 and n-6 fatty acid intakes and n-6:n-3 ratio with the risk of depressive symptoms using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2016. Dietary data on n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were obtained through two 24-h dietary recall interviews, and were adjusted by energy. Depressive symptoms were measured by PHQ-9 (nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire). We applied logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models to assess the relationships of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids intake and n-6:n-3 ratio with the risk of depressive symptoms. A total of 17,431 individuals over 18 years old were enrolled in this study. In the multivariate-adjusted model 2, compared with the lowest category, the highest odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for n-3 fatty acid intake and n-6:n-3 ratio were 0.71 (0.55–0.92) and 1.66 (1.10–2.50), and middle OR (95% CI) for n-6 fatty acid intake was 0.72 (0.56–0.92), respectively. Our study suggests that n-3 and n-6 fatty acids intake were inversely associated with the risk of depressive symptoms, while the n-6:n-3 ratio was positively associated with the risk of depressive symptoms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations of n-3, n-6 Fatty Acids Intakes and n-6:n-3 Ratio with the Risk of Depressive Symptoms: NHANES 2009–2016

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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“…One of the major reasons we did not find associations between plasma phospholipid n-3 PUFAs and MDD risk might be due to the ceiling effect of n-3 PUFA intake. In fact, if we look closely at the difference in mean baseline intake of n-3 PUFAs between the present study 9 and the abovementioned Japanese study 13 , it is about 0.5 g/day (3.0 g/day vs. 2.5 g/day 38 , respectively). Individuals with lower dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs are much more likely to see clinical benefits of additional n-3 PUFA intake than those with higher intake 39 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Plasma phospholipid n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and major depressive disorder in Japanese elderly: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study

Hamazaki

Matsuoka

Yamaji³

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on depression are not definitively known. In a previous population-based prospective cohort study, we found a reverse J-shaped association of intake of fish and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), the intermediate metabolite of EPA and DHA, with major depressive disorder (MDD). To examine the association further in a cross-sectional manner, in the present study we analyzed the level of plasma phospholipid n-3 PUFAs and the risk of MDD in 1,213 participants aged 64–86 years (mean 72.9 years) who completed questionnaires and underwent medical check-ups, a mental health examination, and blood collection. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for MDD according to plasma phospholipid n-3 PUFA quartiles. MDD was diagnosed in 103 individuals. There were no significant differences in any n-3 PUFAs (i.e., EPA, DHA, or DPA) between individuals with and without MDD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed no significant association between any individual n-3 PUFAs and MDD risk. Overall, based on the results of this cross-sectional study, there appears to be no association of plasma phospholipid n-3 PUFAs with MDD risk in the elderly Japanese population.

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“…A two-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial revealed that omega-3 PUFA supplementation reduced the occurrence of depressive symptoms in elderly females [10]. Moreover, a longitudinal cohort study showed that high intakes of EPA and DHA reduced the risk of depression in middle-aged Japanese men and women [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Human Brain Connectivity in Middle-Aged Depressed Women

et al. 2020

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Omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) intake is known to have a preventive effect on depressive symptoms in a general population. This study assessed the effects of n-3 FA intake on depressive symptoms and brain function in middle-aged women. Depressive symptoms were screened using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) assessment questionnaires, and n-3 FA intakes were assessed using semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. We found that n-3 FA intakes were negatively associated with depressive symptoms in middle-aged women. Psychiatrists diagnosed the presence of depressive disorders using the 5th edition of the Mental Disorder Diagnosis and Statistics Manual (DSM-5). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) was performed to investigate the association between n-3 FA intake and brain functional connectivity. Functional connectivity of the right middle frontal cortex (default mode network) and the right middle temporal pole (frontoparietal network) was positively associated with depressive symptom scores and negatively associated with n-3 FA intakes. In conclusion, high n-3 FA intake decreases the risk of depressive symptoms and modifies the brain functional connectivity in middle-aged women.

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Longitudinal Association between n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Depressive Symptoms: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Japan

Cited by 23 publications

References 56 publications

Associations of n-3, n-6 Fatty Acids Intakes and n-6:n-3 Ratio with the Risk of Depressive Symptoms: NHANES 2009–2016

Associations of n-3, n-6 Fatty Acids Intakes and n-6:n-3 Ratio with the Risk of Depressive Symptoms: NHANES 2009–2016

Plasma phospholipid n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and major depressive disorder in Japanese elderly: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study

The Association between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Human Brain Connectivity in Middle-Aged Depressed Women

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