Longitudinal Changes in Arterial Stiffness Associated with Physical Activity Intensity: The Toon Health Study

Abstract

Aims: Several studies have revealed an association between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and arterial stiffness, which is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, a few studies have considered the difference in the longitudinal effect of its intensity in a large general population. Therefore, we examined the effect of MVPA intensity on longitudinal changes in arterial stiffness. Methods:We conducted a prospective cohort study involving 1,982 Japanese men and women. Arterial stiffness was measured using the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) at baseline and 5-year follow-up. Physical activity was quantified using the Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study Physical Activity Questionnaire and categorized into quartiles as MVPA levels. Linear mixed models were used to examine the differences at baseline and the rate of changes in CAVI associated with MVPA levels for over 5 years. Results:The multivariable-adjusted mean differences in CAVI at baseline were significantly lower in the third (β = −0.019 [95% confidence interval {CI}=−0.033 to −0.005]) and fourth (β=−0.018 [95% CI=−0.035 to −0.001]) quartiles of the MVPA group compared with those in the lowest quartile of MVPA, and the significant effect persisted 5 years later. Conclusions:In summary, this study provides evidence to support the existence of a threshold for beneficial levels of MVPA in the prevention of arterial stiffness. Furthermore, this study suggests that exceeding this threshold may exert similar effects on arterial stiffness. These findings suggest that an optimal level of MVPA exists for preventing arterial stiffness, and exceeding this threshold may not engender additional benefits.