Longitudinal Determinants of Posttraumatic Stress in a Population-Based Cohort Study

Galea, Sandro; Ahern, Jennifer; Tracy, Melissa; Hubbard, Alan; Cerdá, Magdalena; Goldmann, Emily; Vlahov, David

doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31815c1dbf

Cited by 106 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Hypothesized factors, such as older age, socioeconomic stability, military and healthcare role experience, and differences in support systems, both within the military and through established family life, positively influenced psychologic screen results for officers in the sample. [27][28][29] An interesting finding is that it was the male officers who were least likely to report a divorce or separation, whereas both female healthcare officers and specialists of both genders reported high rates of separation, with the highest rate being found in the female enlisted group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…25 An increase in PTSD is seen in younger persons, those from ethnic minorities (i.e., Hispanics and African Americans), and those with low SES. [26][27][28] An abundance of evidence documents the protective role of social support in the etiology of PTSD symptomatology, 26,29 and the ability to maintain and draw upon social relationships is pivotal to more positive outcomes after trauma. Social support is associated with lower PTSD risk in the general population 26,29 and military settings.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender Differences in Response to Deployment Among Military Healthcare Providers in Afghanistan and Iraq

Gibbons

Hickling

Barnett

et al. 2012

Journal of Women's Health

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Background: Despite their growing numbers in the United States military, little has been published on healthcare providers (HCP) or female service members from conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. The purpose of this secondary analysis of data from the 2005 Department of Defense (DoD) Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Active Duty Military Personnel was to determine gender differences in reaction to the impact of operational stress in deployed military healthcare providers. Methods: The unweighted study sample selected for this data analysis included results from female and male active duty military personnel over the age of 18 years (n = 16,146) deployed at least once to Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) or Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) within the past 3 years (n = 1,425), for a final sample consisting of either officer (healthcare officer) or enlisted (healthcare specialist) personnel (n = 455) (weighted n = 23,440). Indices of psychologic distress and social relations were explored and compared. Results: Enlisted female HCPs were more likely to be African American (42.3%) and single (63.0%) and represented the greater percentage with significant psychologic difficulties, as shown by serious psychologic distress endorsement (11.3%) and positive screen results for depression (32.2%). More harmful drinking patterns (Alcohol Use Disorders Identifications Test [AUDIT] score 8-15) were found in more female HCPs (enlisted 61.8%, officers 76.4%) compared with males (enlisted 41.1%, officers 67.1%). Conclusions: Female HCPs serving in the current military conflicts are reporting significant psychologic distress that may adversely impact their performance within the military, in theaters of operations, and in their lives at home. Implications for clinical care of female service members and veterans of current wars are addressed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Response to Deployment Among Military Healthcare Providers in Afghanistan and Iraq

Gibbons

Hickling

Barnett

et al. 2012

Journal of Women's Health

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“…These stressful events represent an ongoing form of adversity that independently predicts well-being above and beyond the impact of highly traumatic event exposures (Galea et al, 2008). Moreover, exposure to a large scale community trauma can also trigger a series of stressors or "rapid succession disasters" that may independently contribute to well-being over time following a signal event (Garfin, Silver, Ugalde, Linn, & Inostroza, 2014).…”

Section: Exposure To Adversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adversity, time, and well-being: A longitudinal analysis of time perspective in adulthood.

Holman¹,

Silver²,

Mogle³

et al. 2016

Psychology and Aging

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Despite the prominence of time in influential aging theories and the ubiquity of stress across the lifespan, research addressing how time perspective (TP) and adversity are associated with wellbeing across adulthood is rare. Examining the role of TP in coping with life events over the lifespan would be best accomplished after large-scale population-based exposure to a specific event, with repeated assessments to examine within-and between-person differences over time.A national sample aged 18-91 years (N = 722, M = 49.4 years) was followed for three years after the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks. Respondents completed assessments of 9/11-related television exposure 9-21 days after the attacks, temporal disintegration 2 months post-9/11, and TP, ongoing stress, and well-being at 12, 24, and 36 months post-9/11. Results provided support for measurement invariance of TP across time and across age. Early 9/11-related television exposure was significantly associated with greater temporal disintegration.Temporal disintegration and ongoing stress, in turn, were associated with between-and withinperson variation in past TP. This effect was qualified by an age interaction that indicated a stronger relationship between ongoing stress and past TP for younger compared with older adults. Past and future TP were significantly and independently related to individual differences and within-person variation in psychological well-being, regardless of age. Future work should incorporate adversity as an important correlate of TP across adulthood. The window of time allows us to see our life stories unfold, build our identity, identify future ambitions, and feel proud of our successes. Our sense of time connects who we have been with who we are and who we aspire to be. Indeed, scholars have argued that our experience of time provides a foundation for the emergence of conscious thought and behavior (James, 1890;Kelly, 1955;Lewin, 1942); without time our lives would consist of isolated, incoherent moments lacking the essential consciousness that makes us human. By assigning life experiences to time frames of past, present, and future, we gain a broader perspective that helps us make sense of our lives (see Zimbardo & Boyd, 2008).

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“…Between 6.8 -15% ofNorth Americans develop PTSD following a traumatic event (Kessler et al, 2005). The importance of studying PTSD has increased with the recent terrorist attacks such as September II , 2001 in New York, which increased its prevalence (Galea et al , 2002;Kessler & Wang., 2008).…”

Section: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucocorticoids are required for extinction of predator stress-induced hyperarousal

Clay

Hebert

Gill

et al. 2011

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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Extinction of fearful behavior induced by severe stress was studied using predator stress. Predator stress involves a ten minute unprotected exposure of a rodent to a cat which induces long-lasting changes in anxiety-like behaviours and hyperarousal (increased acoustic startle response) (Adamec & Shallow, 1993; Adamec et al., 200 I;Cohen et al., 2004). In the present set of experiments, three questions were addressed using predator stressed mice. First, can predator stress-induced fear memories be extinguished? Second, is the extinction of predator stress-induced fear memories glucocorticoid-dependent? Finally, is re-exposure to the predator stress context necessary to see glucocorticoid's effects on predator stress-induced fear memories?Extinction was induced by re-exposing mice to the predator stress room in the absence of the cat. This repeated re-exposure to predator stress context increased activity in the predator stress context implying extinction of predator stress-induced immobility, a context-dependent fear memory. Repeated re-exposures to the predator stress context also decreased subsequent hyperarousal (acoustic startle response) and generalized anxiety-like behaviour. These fearful behaviors were predator stress context independent, having been tested in environments different from the cat exposure room. Furthermore, blocking glucocorticoid synthesis with metyrapone during repeated exposures to the predator stress context had no effect on activity. Therefore, reducing corticosterone levels did not affect extinction of the predator stress-induced, context-dependent fear memory.However, metyrapone given during repeated exposures to the predator stress context prevented extinction of predator stress-induced hyperarousal. These results suggest that extinction of predator stress-induced, context-independent fear memory is dependent on Ill the presence of endogenous corticosterone during the extinction trial . Finally, reexposure to the predator stress context was found to be necessary to see glucocorticoid's effects on predator stress-induced fear memories. This was determined by repeated injection of metyrapone over days without re-exposure to the predator stre s context.

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Longitudinal Determinants of Posttraumatic Stress in a Population-Based Cohort Study

Cited by 106 publications

References 41 publications

Gender Differences in Response to Deployment Among Military Healthcare Providers in Afghanistan and Iraq

Gender Differences in Response to Deployment Among Military Healthcare Providers in Afghanistan and Iraq

Adversity, time, and well-being: A longitudinal analysis of time perspective in adulthood.

Glucocorticoids are required for extinction of predator stress-induced hyperarousal

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