Longitudinal extension of myelomalacia by intramedullary and subdural hemorrhage in a canine model of spinal cord injury

Henke, Diana; Gorgas, Daniela; Doherr, Marcus G.; Howard, Judith; Forterre, Franck; Vandevelde, M.

doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.09.018

Cited by 33 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In cases with severe tissue destruction in the center, the spinal cord tissue was replaced by an amorphous mixture of spinal cord tissue debris, macrophages, and blood. In those dogs, this hemorrhagic necrotic material was also found inside or dorsal to the central canal, or both in spinal cord segments distant from the center of the lesion in otherwise mildly damaged spinal cord tissue as described previously . Gliosis and vascular proliferation were present in chronic cases.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…To evaluate the longitudinal extension of the lesion, the presence of myelomalacia, defined as complete loss of structural integrity of spinal cord parenchyma, was assessed on all sections of each animal, thus including the center, adjacent and more remote spinal cord segments. The longitudinal extension was categorized as grade 0 (no malacia), grade 1 (focal malacia at the center), and grade 2 (ADMM from the center across at least 3 spinal cord segments) as previously described and illustrated …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intramedullary hemorrhage was categorized as grade 0 (no hemorrhage), grade 1 (scattered ring hemorrhages), grade 2 (coalescing ring hemorrhages and diffuse spread of erythrocytes in the parenchyma), or grade 3 (mass hemorrhage) as previously described and illustrated …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spinal cord injury (SCI) after intervertebral disk (IVD) extrusion is a common disease in dogs and leads to tissue damage ranging from mild changes of gray and white matter to significant structural destruction and softening of the spinal cord tissue, the so‐called myelomalacia . Myelomalacia can remain focal at the IVD extrusion site or might ascend, descend, or both into adjacent spinal cord segments or even the whole spinal cord …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endothelin‐1 Immunoreactivity and its Association with Intramedullary Hemorrhage and Myelomalacia in Naturally Occurring Disk Extrusion in Dogs

Mayer

Oevermann

Seuberlich

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundThe pathophysiology of ascending/descending myelomalacia (ADMM) after canine intervertebral disk (IVD) extrusion remains poorly understood. Vasoactive molecules might contribute.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo investigate the immunoreactivity of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) in the uninjured and injured spinal cord of dogs and its potential association with intramedullary hemorrhage and extension of myelomalacia.AnimalsEleven normal control and 34 dogs with thoracolumbar IVD extrusion.MethodsSpinal cord tissue of dogs retrospectively selected from our histopathologic database was examined histologically at the level of the extrusion (center) and in segments remote from the center. Endothelin‐1 immunoreactivity was examined immunohistochemically and by in situ hybridization. Associations between the immunoreactivity for ET‐1 and the severity of intramedullary hemorrhage or the extension of myelomalacia were examined.ResultsEndothelin‐1 was expressed by astrocytes, macrophages, and neurons and only rarely by endothelial cells in all dogs. At the center, ET‐1 immunoreactivity was significantly higher in astrocytes (median score 4.02) and lower in neurons (3.21) than in control dogs (3.0 and 4.54) (P < .001; P = .004) irrespective of the grade of hemorrhage or myelomalacia. In both astrocytes and neurons, there was a higher ET‐1 immunoreactivity in spinal cord regions remote from the center (4.58 and 4.15) than in the center itself (P = .013; P = .001). ET‐1 mRNA was present in nearly all neurons with variable intensity, but not in astrocytes.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceEnhanced ET‐1 immunoreactivity over multiple spinal cord segments after IVD extrusion might play a role in the pathogenesis of ADMM. More effective quantitative techniques are required.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endothelin‐1 Immunoreactivity and its Association with Intramedullary Hemorrhage and Myelomalacia in Naturally Occurring Disk Extrusion in Dogs

Mayer

Oevermann

Seuberlich

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Severity of neurologic injury spans a spectrum up to and including sensorimotor complete injury, with predictable patterns of recovery across different severities (Olby et al, 2003, 2004; Bergknut et al, 2012). Primary and secondary mechanisms of SCI in dogs are consistent with those observed in humans, and include central gray matter hemorrhage, necrosis, cavitation, sparing of subpial axons, axonal degeneration, and variable degrees of demyelination (Smith and Jeffery, 2006; Moore and Oglesbee, 2014; Henke et al, 2014, 2015). Accordingly, clinical dog models can serve as a “bridge” between rodent models of SCI and human patients because they address many translational issues.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Adaptation of the Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan locomotor rating scale for use in a clinical model of spinal cord injury in dogs

Song

Basso

Costa

et al. 2016

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Background Naturally occurring acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in pet dogs provides an important clinical animal model through which to confirm and extend findings from rodent studies; however, validated quantitative outcome measures for dogs are limited. New method We adapted the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) scale for use in a clinical dog model of acute thoracolumbar SCI. Based on observation of normal dogs, modifications were made to account for species differences in locomotion. Assessments of paw and tail position, and trunk stability were modified to produce a 19 point scale suitable for use in dogs, termed the canine BBB scale (cBBB). Pet dogs with naturally occurring acute SCI were assigned cBBB scores at 3, 10 and 30 days after laminectomy. Results Scores assigned via the cBBB were stable across testing sessions in normal dogs but increased significantly between days 3 and 30 in SCI-affected dogs (p = 0.0003). The scale was highly responsive to changes in locomotor recovery over a 30 day period, with a standardized response mean of 1.34. Comparison with existing methods Concurrent validity was good, with strong correlations observed between the cBBB and two other locomotor scales, the OSCIS (r = 0.94; p < 0.001) and the MFS (r = 0.85; p < 0.0001). cBBB scores inversely correlated with other assessments of recovery including mechanical sensory threshold (r = −0.68; p < 0.0001) and coefficient of variation of stride length (r = −0.49; p < 0.0001). Conclusions These results support the use of the cBBB to assess locomotor recovery in canine clinical translational models of SCI.

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Pathological changes within two weeks following spinal cord injury in a canine model

et al. 2021

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Longitudinal extension of myelomalacia by intramedullary and subdural hemorrhage in a canine model of spinal cord injury

Cited by 33 publications

References 32 publications

Endothelin‐1 Immunoreactivity and its Association with Intramedullary Hemorrhage and Myelomalacia in Naturally Occurring Disk Extrusion in Dogs

Endothelin‐1 Immunoreactivity and its Association with Intramedullary Hemorrhage and Myelomalacia in Naturally Occurring Disk Extrusion in Dogs

Adaptation of the Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan locomotor rating scale for use in a clinical model of spinal cord injury in dogs

Pathological changes within two weeks following spinal cord injury in a canine model

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