Longitudinal Gender Presentation and Associated Outcomes Among Adopted Children with Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Parents

If you can dream it, you can do it!—The role of sexual orientation in preferences toward boys' and girls' career orientation and gendered behaviour

“…However, our results are somewhat in contrast to some previous studies (Bruun & Farr, 2020; Carone et al., 2020; Farr et al., 2018) that did not find differences—except for lesbian women—in the gender‐typed behavior among children of gay and straight parents. First, it is possible, that the small differences we found in parental attitudes of gay, bisexual, and straight people can be overriden by other actors in the children's environment and, thus, result in no difference regarding their behavior.…”

“I Think It’s Too Early to Know”: Gender Identity Labels and Gender Expression of Young Children With Nonbinary or Binary Transgender Parents

“…There is little previous research on gender expression among children with transgender parents. Transfamily theory ( McGuire et al, 2016 ) and research on infants and young children with lesbian, gay, or heterosexual parents suggest that parent and child gender conformity would be positively associated ( Bruun and Farr, 2020 ). With some exceptions ( Rahilly, 2015 ), transgender parents tend accept their children’s gender non-conforming attitudes and expression ( Ryan, 2009 ).…”

“…Children with same-sex parents displayed typical gender development in two studies of childhood gender-typed play behavior: one from a representative United Kingdom sample ( Golombok et al, 2003 ) and one from a longitudinal U.S. study about families formed through adoption ( Farr et al, 2018 ). The U.S. research group studied gender-typed play behavior in infancy and early childhood and children’s clothing in middle childhood ( Farr et al, 2018 ; Bruun and Farr, 2020 ), which were similar across parental sexual orientation.…”

“…However, findings in this area are mixed. In some studies of families formed through adoption, children with lesbian parents are less gender-conforming than those with heterosexual or gay parents ( Goldberg et al, 2012 ; Goldberg and Garcia, 2016 ; Bruun and Farr, 2020 ). One study included clothing observations in infancy and early childhood ( Bruun and Farr, 2020 ), and others relied on parent-reported early childhood gender-typed play behavior ( Goldberg et al, 2012 ; Goldberg and Garcia, 2016 ).…”

“…In some studies of families formed through adoption, children with lesbian parents are less gender-conforming than those with heterosexual or gay parents ( Goldberg et al, 2012 ; Goldberg and Garcia, 2016 ; Bruun and Farr, 2020 ). One study included clothing observations in infancy and early childhood ( Bruun and Farr, 2020 ), and others relied on parent-reported early childhood gender-typed play behavior ( Goldberg et al, 2012 ; Goldberg and Garcia, 2016 ). This variation in findings might be attributed to differences in child age, the measure of child gender expression, or other methodological choices that varied between studies.…”