Looking East but learning from the West? Mass Tourism and Emerging Nations

Abstract

Abstract:In the United Kingdom, domestic mass tourism began in the midnineteenth century during a period of peace and increased prosperity. It was facilitated by the railways, that enabled the rapid movement of people in bulk, and later by mass production of the motor car. Similarly, international mass tourism emerged in Europe and North America after the second World War, with stability, increasing prosperity, and advances in air transport. Similar socio-economic and political conditions led first to mass domestic tourism and then international tourism in Japan and China, and in both the state played an explicit and supportive part in tourism development. In all cases, mass tourism increasingly attracted academic attention, as seen most recently in the explosion of studies (in English and Chinese) of inbound and outbound Chinese tourism. There have been calls for a new 'paradigm' to analyse the development of Asian (most notably Chinese) tourism, which raise crucial questions as to whether or not 'science,' 'paradigms' and tourism studies can or should be tailored to study mass tourism because of its increased importance in East Asia.

A Research on Tourism Development Paradox and Success Criteria in Tourism

“…For example, when the number of tourists coming to the country is compared with the population of the country, it is seen that there are excessive tourism movements in Greece, Austria and the United Arab Emirates. According to general acceptance (Buhalis, 2000;Harrison, 2017;Hughes, 2018), it is known that excessive tourism movements occur when more tourists come to any country than its own population. Therefore, planning should be done on how to prevent excessive tourism movements while creating tourism targets.…”

“…The number of tourists that countries attract is an important factor in the world tourism sector. However, the extent to which this number will progress is a controversial issue (Harrison, 2017;Andreu et al, 2014;Chang, 2015).…”

Introduction: tourism and development – towards a research agenda

“…That is, the major flows of international tourists have tended to be between particular places (for example, between Northern and Southern Europe and between North America and the Caribbean) and within particular regions; until very recently, Europe accounted for more than half of all international tourist arrivals. This dominance is gradually changing with the Asia and Pacific region in particular claiming a larger share of global arrivals and the emergence of China as the world's largest international tourism generator (Harrison 2016), yet the overall figures mask a continuing inequity in the share of international tourism. In other words, the growth of international tourism has not been universal, with implications for many countries most in need of development.…”

Is over-tourism the downside of mass tourism?

“…Currently, domestic tourism is reported between 5 and 6 billion a year (Harrison, 2017;UNWTO, 2013). In some countries, domestic tourism amounts to more than five times of international tourists (Ghimire, 2001).…”