“…genetic programming (GP), which is an automatic domain-independent method, has addressed such questions with a good measure of success. It has been applied in various branches of engineering and sciences including biomedical science [17,19,21,35,44,47,53], classification tasks [14,27,31,49,50,54,55,57], navigation tasks [1,4,36], image processing and pattern recognition [9,10,22,28,57], neural networks [1,7,36,39] and robotics [23,32,33,40], and in many other various applications and disciplines [8,12,18,20,34,40,41,45,46,51,56], to name but a few. However, one of the main drawbacks of GP has been the often large amount of computational effort required to solve complex problems.…”