“…All bacterial strains ( Salmonella enterica , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Enterobacter cloacae ) were cultured in Luria–Bertani (LB) medium (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) with shaking (150 rpm) at 37 °C for 24 h. After the cultures were centrifuged at 5000 g for 10 min to obtain cell pellets, the gDNA was then isolated using a Total DNA Extraction S&V kit (Bionics, Seoul, Korea) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The concentrations of gDNA were evaluated using a Nanodrop instrument (Spectramax iD5 multi-mode microplate reader, Molecular Devices, San José, CA, USA), and the gDNA was stored at − 20 °C until use [ 28 , 29 ].…”