LoRa Based Metrics Evaluation for Real-Time Landslide Monitoring on IoT Platform

Abstract

In the context of an early warning system for landslides, monitoring of prone areas is a longlasting process, little human intervention, and a resource less environment. Data changes in the monitoring area may be noticed in many days, months, or years depending on the weather characteristics. Therefore, a frequent and large amount of data of monitored area is not required to send on a cloud server. Moreover, Long-range communication provided comprehensive spectrum communication protocol and low power consumption with fewer data rates. Over the advantage of LoRa technology, we designed a customized sensor node and gateway node to monitor the changes periodically with low energy power consumption. We evaluated the distinct metrics of spreading factor, sensitivity, time-on-air, energy consumption, link budget, and battery life of sensor and gateway nodes. Finally, this study concludes with challenges faced in real-time in which the sensor data received via a customized sensor node and gateway on the cloud server.INDEX TERMS Landslide monitoring, customized node, the IoT, long range radio, LoRa link budget, Fresnel zone, LoRa sensitivity.

A Scalable and Energy-Efficient LoRaWAN-Based Geofencing System for Remote Monitoring of Vulnerable Communities

“…LoRa is suitable for near real-time critical alerts, poten-tially leading to quicker emergency response times [4]. However, it is ineffective for high-bandwidth demanding applications because it operates on low-data networks [13].…”

“…LoRaWAN, an open system based on robust LoRa modulation, is highly suitable for rural coverage using lowpower IoT devices. For instance, it has been used widely in agriculture, where it connects environmental IoT sensors for temperature and soil moisture with cloud servers [5], controls IoT actuators like irrigation valves [22], and supports tractor communications [4], livestock monitoring [23], and location tracing [24].…”

“…The limitations above, including the need for ongoing connectivity subscriptions, reliance on cellular connectivity, long-range constraints, compliance issues, and reliance on individuals carrying specific devices, underscore the need for an innovative approach that addresses these challenges comprehensively [4]. A practical solution must provide realtime monitoring, timely alerts, and proactive measures to prevent wandering incidents while being accessible, userfriendly, and cost-effective.…”

“…Traditional monitoring methods often rely on cellular networks, which still need to be more present and reliable in remote areas [4]. One way to address this challenge is using Long-range Wide Area Networks (LoRaWAN) that do not require Internet connectivity while operating independently.…”

Recent Phenomenal and Investigational Subsurface Landslide Monitoring Techniques: A Mixed Review

“…However, LoRa has several restrictions in terms of data transfer rates. Bagwari et al [140] integrated LoRa with Wi-Fi architecture and customized the sensor node and gateway node to regularly monitor changes with low energy power consumption.…”