LoRa Traffic Generator Based on Software Defined Radio Technology for LoRa Modulation Orthogonality Analysis: Empirical and Experimental Evaluation

Lavric, Alexandru; Petrariu, Adrian I.; Coca, Eugen; Popa, Valeríu

doi:10.3390/s20154123

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The authors assume that all the IoT devices have the same traffic generation method, and the SF allocation considers Intra and inter SF collisions probability. This work proposed an ILP model that considers the IoT devices' physical locations and the imperfect SF orthogonality, increasing the transmission success probability to each IoT node [85]. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of their resource allocation for the scenario with different LoRaWAN gateways.…”

Section: One Parametermentioning

confidence: 95%

“…However, recent studies [85,89,95,96,97,98] evaluated the effects of inter-SF interference and concluded that SFs adopted by LoRa are quasi-orthogonal. For instance, Lavric et al [85] conducted an empirical and practical evaluation and concluded that collisions between different SF within the same communication channel occur, drastically decreasing the LoRaWAN performance. This decrease occurs because collisions lead to the gateway not receiving packet transmissions using different SFs [96].…”

Section: Summary and Open Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Survey on Long-Range Wide-Area Network Technology Optimizations

et al. 2021

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Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) enables flexible long-range service communications with low power consumption which is suitable for many IoT applications. The densification of LoRaWAN, which is needed to meet a wide range of IoT networking requirements, poses further challenges. For instance, the deployment of gateways and IoT devices are widely deployed in urban areas, which leads to interference caused by concurrent transmissions on the same channel. In this context, it is crucial to understand aspects such as the coexistence of IoT devices and applications, resource allocation, Media Access Control (MAC) layer, network planning, and mobility support, that directly affect LoRaWAN's performance. We present a systematic review of state-of-the-art works for LoRaWAN optimization solutions for IoT networking operations. We focus on five aspects that directly affect the performance of LoRaWAN. These specific aspects are directly associated with the challenges of densification of LoRaWAN. Based on the literature analysis, we present a taxonomy covering five aspects related to LoRaWAN optimizations for efficient IoT networks. Finally, we identify key research challenges and open issues in LoRaWAN optimizations for IoT networking operations that must be further studied in the future.

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Section: One Parametermentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Summary and Open Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Long-Range Wide-Area Network Technology Optimizations

et al. 2021

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“…LoRa is developed for supporting the LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) that utilizes the ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) bands of 433 MHz (Asia), 915 MHz (North America), and 868 MHz (Europe) [ 13 ]. LoRa modulation is formed from the CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum) that provides robustness in case of multipath propagation interferences [ 30 ]. LoRa modulation is customized on distinct parameters, like spreading factor (SF), code rate (CR), and bandwidth (BW).…”

Section: Overview Of Loramentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of IoT and Long-Range Radio-Based Sensor Node and Gateway Architecture for Solid Waste Management

Akram

Singh

AlZain

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Long-range radio (LoRa) communication is a widespread communication protocol that offers long range transmission and low data rates with minimum power consumption. In the context of solid waste management, only a low amount of data needs to be sent to the remote server. With this advantage, we proposed architecture for designing and developing a customized sensor node and gateway based on LoRa technology for realizing the filling level of the bins with minimal energy consumption. We evaluated the energy consumption of the proposed architecture by simulating it on the Framework for LoRa (FLoRa) simulation by varying distinct fundamental parameters of LoRa communication. This paper also provides the distinct evaluation metrics of the the long-range data rate, time on-air (ToA), LoRa sensitivity, link budget, and battery life of sensor node. Finally, the paper concludes with a real-time experimental setup, where we can receive the sensor data on the cloud server with a customized sensor node and gateway.

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“…Meanwhile, LoRa technology uses different spreading factors to increase the number of nodes in the channel, which is the use of orthogonality of different spreading factors. However, the experimental results in [ 25 ] show that different spreading factors will also exhibit conflict and greatly reduce the performance of LoRa. Moreover, the author believes that the packet length is not a key factor affecting the performance of LoRa.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Evaluation of the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa

Guo

Yang

Wei

2021

Sensors

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LoRa technology is currently one of the most popular Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. A substantial number of LoRa devices have been applied in a wide variety of real-world scenarios, and developers can adjust the packet reception performance of LoRa through physical layer parameter configuration to meet the requirements. However, since the important details of the relationship between the physical layer parameters and the packet reception performance of LoRa remain unknown, it is a challenge to choose the appropriate parameter configuration to meet the requirements of the scenarios. Moreover, with the increase in application scenarios, the requirements for energy consumption become increasingly high. Therefore, it is also a challenge to know how to configure the parameters to maximize the energy efficiency while maintaining a high data rate. In this work, a complex evaluation experiment on the communication capability under a negative Signal to Noise Ratio is presented, and the specific details of the relationship between physical layer parameters and the packet reception performance of LoRa are clarified. Furthermore, we study the impact of the packet length on the packet reception performance of LoRa, and the experimental results show that when there is a large amount of data to be transmitted, it is better to choose long packets instead of short packets. Finally, considering the influence of physical layer parameters and the packet length on the packet reception performance of LoRa, the optimal parameter combination is explored, so as to propose a transmission scheme with a balanced reliability, delay, and energy consumption. This scheme is the first to consider the physical layer parameters and packet length together to study the communication transmission scheme, which reduces the communication time by 50% compared with the traditional transmission scheme and greatly reduces the energy consumption.

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LoRa Traffic Generator Based on Software Defined Radio Technology for LoRa Modulation Orthogonality Analysis: Empirical and Experimental Evaluation

Cited by 26 publications

References 27 publications

A Survey on Long-Range Wide-Area Network Technology Optimizations

A Survey on Long-Range Wide-Area Network Technology Optimizations

Performance Analysis of IoT and Long-Range Radio-Based Sensor Node and Gateway Architecture for Solid Waste Management

Experimental Evaluation of the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa

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