LoRa, Zigbee and 5G Propagation and Transmission Performance in an Indoor Environment at 868 MHz

Abstract

In this work, we present power and quality measurements of four transmissions using different emission technologies in an indoor environment, specifically a corridor, at the frequency of 868 MHz under two non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. A narrowband (NB) continuous wave (CW) signal has been transmitted, and its received power has been measured with a spectrum analyzer, LoRa and Zigbee signals have also been transmitted, and their Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and bit error rate (BER) have been measured using the transceivers themselves; finally, a 20 MHz bandwidth 5G QPSK signal has also been transmitted and their quality parameters, such as SS-RSRP, SS-RSRQ and SS-RINR, have been measured using a SA. Thereafter, two fitting models, the Close-in (CI) model and the Floating-Intercept (FI) model, were used to analyze the path loss. The results show that slopes below 2 for the NLOS-1 zone and above 3 for the NLOS-2 zone have been found. Moreover, the CI and FI model behave very similarly in the NLOS-1 zone, while in the NLOS-2 zone, the CI model has poor accuracy in contrast to the FI model, which achieves the best accuracy in both NLOS situations. From these models, the power predicted with the FI model has been correlated with the measured BER value, and power margins have been established for which LoRa and Zigbee would each reach a BER greater than 5%; likewise, −18 dB has been established for the SS-RSRQ of 5G transmission.

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“…Additionally, in the works of [26], the LDPL was used effectively to predict path loss in a densely forested environment. As for CI, there are examples of its usage in LoRa propagation in the works of [27,28].…”

“…It considers two different objectives: average outage probability and UAV requirements. The former is the mean value of the outage defined in ( 22) for all UE (in %), and the latter is a measurement of the minimum number of UAVs necessary to meet user association requirements, defined in (27). Z = 0.9…”