LoRaWAN Scheduling: From Concept to Implementation

Garrido-Hidalgo, Celia; Haxhibeqiri, Jetmir; Moons, Bart; Hoebeke, Jeroen; Olivares, Teresa; Fernández-Caballero, Antonio

doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3064430

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Notably, Bloom filters are used to reduce the size of this extended downlink frame and enhance the efficiency of this mechanism. This work is then leveraged in Reference 21 to setup a transmission scheduling protocol for LoRaWAN. These contributions account for the clock drift of devices and are supported by real‐hardware implementations.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

LoRaSync: Energy efficient synchronization for scalable LoRaWAN

Chasserat,

Accettura,

Berthou

2024

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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Low‐power wide‐area networks connect a large number of battery‐powered wireless devices over long distances. Among them, long range wide area networks (LoRaWAN) implement a pure ALOHA medium access scheme to save device energy by minimizing the radio usage. However, frame collisions restrain the network scalability when the traffic load increases. In this context, synchronization can be used to exploit the available bandwidth more efficiently by controlling the timing of frame transmissions and reducing the collision probability. Such strategy allows to increase the network throughput at the cost of an extra energy demand due to the inherent overhead. In that, the entailed network scenario is still supposed to address low power applications. Therefore this article timely presents LoRaSync, an energy‐efficient synchronization scheme designed for LoRa networks of any size. An accurate clock drift model was established based on measurements made on real cheap devices, and leveraged to support the design of LoRaSync. Our mechanism has been used to evaluate the same ALOHA‐based random access but on a time‐slotted basis, thus increasing the maximum achievable throughput compared to the legacy access. Throughput and energy efficiency models are established to evaluate the performances of a LoRaSync‐operated network. These models are validated with a simulation environment mimicking large‐scale deployments, and then used to determine the most energy efficient slot size for any traffic load. As a final proof of concept, LoRaSync has been implemented and tested on a LoRa testbed to demonstrate the feasibility of our solution on real hardware.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

LoRaSync: Energy efficient synchronization for scalable LoRaWAN

Chasserat,

Accettura,

Berthou

2024

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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“…For slotted ALOHA, among others, a methodology to increase single channel capacity is proposed [33], different back-off schemes to avoid collisions are presented [34], or aggregated acknowledgments are proposed to improve scalability and reliability for scheduled transmissions [35]. Garrido studies scheduling in LoRaWAN and presents a real-world implementation recently in [36]. Furthermore, CSMA-based approaches are discussed as listen before talk solutions [37][38][39].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards LoRaWAN without Data Loss: Studying the Performance of Different Channel Access Approaches

Loh

Mehling

Hoßfeld

2022

Sensors

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The Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the fastest growing Internet of Things (IoT) access protocols. It operates in the license free 868 MHz band and gives everyone the possibility to create their own small sensor networks. The drawback of this technology is often unscheduled or random channel access, which leads to message collisions and potential data loss. For that reason, recent literature studies alternative approaches for LoRaWAN channel access. In this work, state-of-the-art random channel access is compared with alternative approaches from the literature by means of collision probability. Furthermore, a time scheduled channel access methodology is presented to completely avoid collisions in LoRaWAN. For this approach, an exhaustive simulation study was conducted and the performance was evaluated with random access cross-traffic. In a general theoretical analysis the limits of the time scheduled approach are discussed to comply with duty cycle regulations in LoRaWAN.

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“…Notably in this work, multiple transmission parameters, channel characteristics, and hardware limitations are taken into account in the system model. Another line of work is the one first presented in [17] and then better evaluated in [18]. In this work, the end device initiates the synchronization handshake with a sync request command.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assuming a maximum skew rate 𝑟 SKEW = 100 ppm [18], a maximum initial sync error Δ𝑇 = 1 ms and allowing for a margin 𝑇 MARGIN = 2 ms, then a guard time of 𝑇 GUARD = 5 ms should prevent loss of synchronization for 𝑇 CYCLE = 30 s.…”

Section: A System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

LoRaWAN-Based Adaptive MACs for Event Response Applications

et al. 2022

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Low Power Wide Area Networks have emerged as a leading communications technology in the field of Internet of Things sensor and monitoring networks. In such networks, uplink traffic is characterized as a combination of periodic data reports and event-triggered alarm reports. When an many devices detect an event in a short timespan, a burst of concurrent transmissions can occur, leading to a surge of collisions, and thus severe data delivery performance degradation. In this paper, a hybrid random/scheduled access strategy is proposed for mitigating the impact of traffic-triggering events on network performance. Under periodic report traffic the LoRaWAN standard Class A protocol is in effect, but after an event a TDMA scheme is applied. Three implementations of this strategy are described. The first is a pair of novel MACs for LoRaWAN, allowing (a) synchronization of end devices with the network using the event detection as a crude synchronization point, and (b) the dynamic scheduling of groups of devices. The other two implementations build upon a single-hop and a two-hop previously proposed LoRaWAN-based wake-up architectures, respectively. The above approaches are validated and studied through extensive simulation. The results show improved packet delivery ratio over the Class A MAC. The effect is more prominent as the event propagation velocity increases. The proposed approach also surpasses LoRaWAN in energy per delivered bit for high event propagation velocities. Finally, the novel protocol has a lower hardware and deployment complexity than the wake up radio based alternatives, at the cost of higher energy consumption.

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LoRaWAN Scheduling: From Concept to Implementation

Cited by 21 publications

References 25 publications

LoRaSync: Energy efficient synchronization for scalable LoRaWAN

LoRaSync: Energy efficient synchronization for scalable LoRaWAN

Towards LoRaWAN without Data Loss: Studying the Performance of Different Channel Access Approaches

LoRaWAN-Based Adaptive MACs for Event Response Applications

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