Loss of cell constituents on reconstitution of active dry yeast

Herrera, Teófilo; Peterson, W. H.; Cooper, Elisabeth J.; Peppler, H. J.

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(56)90017-0

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The inversion of the slope of the leakage rates below 15 C provides dramatic evidence that, at these lower temperatures, membranes may be reorganized in a faulty manner and show lessened effectiveness as a barrier. The concept that water entry into dry tissues leads to a reorganization of membranes and that chilling temperatures interfere with this reorganization, was first suggested for yeast rehydration by Herrera et al (4). The fact that chilling temperatures during the first imbibition of water damage many kinds of seeds was noted by Pollock and Toole (9).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature Effects on Soybean Imbibition and Leakage

Leopold¹

1980

Plant Physiol.

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As a part of an analysis of the nature of chilling injury to seeds, measurenents were made of the nitial linear rates of water entry into and solute leakage out of cotyledons of soybean at various temperatures.Arrhenlus plots were approximatel linear for water entry Into both lving and dead cotyedons, with the slpe (and activation energy) for entry Into iving celis being insipificantly higher than for dead cells, suggesting lttle effect of membrane barriers on water entry. The plots for solute leakage showed 10-fold lower leakage rates from lving than from dead tissues; a reversal of slo in the Arrhenlus plot at temperatures below 15 C reflected increasing leakage rates, interpreted as a quantitative disruptio of membrane reorganization at the temperatures associated with chilng injury.peratures between 1 and 40 C were maintained by immersing the imbibing system in a water bath.The time course of solute leakage was measured as the rise in conductance of 25 ml of water containing 10 cotyledons. Conductance was measured with a Markson ElectroMark analyzer at 5-min intervals.Rates were determined from the slope of the 10-to 40-mm periods, using calculated regression lines. The logarithms of these slope values were plotted as Arrhenius plots, and activation energies were then calculated using the equation of Stein (13): 2.3 log k= ( I where Ad is the activation energy, k' and k" are log rates for 40 and 5 C (T' and T", respectively), and R is the gas constant. RESULTSEvidence has been accumulating that chilling injury to seeds during imbibition might be attributed to disruptive effects on the reorganization of membranes as water enters the dry seed (1, 9). A quantitative means of analyzing the barrier effectiveness of membranes could utilize the initial linear rates of water entry and of solute leakage from soybean cotyledons, and their analysis through Arrhenius plots.The time course of initial water entry into dry cotyledons shows a period of rapid, nonlinear entry lasting 5-10 min, followed by a period of linear water entry lasting 30 min or more (7,11). The initial time course of solute leakage from the imbibing cotyledon also shows a period of rapid, nonlinear leakage, followed by a linear phase beginning at about the same time that water entry becomes linear. It has been suggested that the initial rapid phases of each of these events represented a period during which the membranes were relatively disorganized, and the linear phases represented steady-state processes through the reorganized membranes (7,8,11). If this interpretation is correct, linear rates of water entry and of solute leakage should reflect the effectiveness of membranes in resisting the passage of water and of solutes, respectively.The experiments reported here measure the linear rates of water entry and solute leakage of cotyledons at various temperatures to permit construction of Arrhenius plots and estimation of the energy barriers provided by the reconstituted membranes. MATERIALS AND METHODSWater entry and solute leakage were mea...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature Effects on Soybean Imbibition and Leakage

Leopold¹

1980

Plant Physiol.

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“…In contrast, when the preparations had been freeze-dried, rehydration at room temperature resulted in the larger counts. Herrera, Peterson, Cooper & Peppler (1956) showed that rehydration of dried yeast with cold water caused a loss of viability and an increased leakage of solutes from the cells. These losses did not occur when warm water was used and could also be prevented by partial rehydration with water vapour before adding the cold liquid water (Sant & Peterson, 1958).…”

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The Influence of Rehydration on the Viability of Dried Micro-Organisms

Leach

Scott

1959

Journal of General Microbiology

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SulMMARY : F'reeze-dried preparations of certain organisms may suffer considerable mortality during reconstitution to the wet state, For Vibrio metchnikowi the mortality was greatly decreased by rehydration with small volumes of water, or with various volumes of relatively concentrated solutions of some solutes. Within certain limits, slow dropwise addition of water resulted in higher viable counts than did rapid addition of the same volume of water. In preliminary tests Mgcoplasma mycoides and two coliphages were also affected by the volume of water used for rehydration, but no significant effects were observed with nine other bacteria. Comparisons of rehydration at several temperatures showed greatest destruction at 37O for V . metchn i k d , but at 0' for three other bacteria. The importance of rehydration rates and of exposure to hypotonic solutions is discussed.

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“…Germination of freeze-dried urediospores is markedly increased when they are exposed to water-saturated air for 12 to 24 hr at room temperature (3,13,(27)(28)(29), and spores of other fungi respond similarly. Loss of viability in these cases may also be due to osmotic injury, because dry yeast cells leak amino acids, proteins, and carbohydrates upon suspension in water (10). Moreover, it has been reported that during drying of baker's yeast there is a breakdown of phospholipid, as a consequence of which permeability of the cell membrane is damaged (9), and leakage of RNA is common in freeze-dried bacteria due to alteration of permeability (30,36).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urediospores were collected every 3rd or 4th day by careful dislodgment from the leaves into a cardboard box lined with aluminum foil. The total yield of spores from a single experiment lasting 10 Spore Germination. The medium used for germinating urediospores consisted of a calcium phosphate-potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 (16) containing 1 X 10' M nonyl alcohol and 0.01% Tween-20 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate).…”

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The Nature of Cold-induced Dormancy in Urediospores of Puccinia graminis tritici

Maheshwari

Sussman

1971

Plant Physiol.

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When air-dry urediospores of the wheat stem rust, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, are exposed to temperatures below freezing, their germinability is markedly reduced, even after prolonged thawing at room temperature. Germinability is fully restored by a brief heat-shock or by vapor phase hydration. We have found that this "cold dormancy" cannot be reversed once with a glass chamber measuring 151/2 X 15½2 X 16 inches which was sealed with a caulking compound. The whole assembly was placed in a controlled environment chamber operated as described above.Radioactive CO2 was produced by reacting Ba14CO. with lactic acid in a test tube connected to the glass chamber through a side port fitted with a valve. Inflow and mixing of 'CO. was assured by creating a slight negative pressure in the chamber before the gas was introduced. After the reaction was over, water was introduced into the tube to displace the residual 4CO2, and then air was allowed to bubble into the chamber until equilibrium was reached. Radioactivity inside the chamber was monitored by withdrawal of gas at regular intervals with a gas-tight syringe through a vent. The gas was dissolved in Hyamine 10-X (Packard Instrument Co., Downers Grove, Ill.) in a rubber-stoppered scintillation vial and was counted in a toluene-based scintillation fluid which will be described later. In our experiments, 10 to 20 ,uc of "CO2 were introduced into the chamber on alternate days. Urediospores were collected every 3rd or 4th day by careful dislodgment from the leaves into a cardboard box lined with aluminum foil. The total yield of spores from a single experiment lasting 10 to 12 days ranged from 1.5 to 2.0 g (fresh weight). Before use the spores were sieved to remove debris, then thoroughly mixed, and dried over anhydrous calcium chloride in a desiccator to approximately 15% water content.

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Loss of cell constituents on reconstitution of active dry yeast

Cited by 24 publications

References 12 publications

Temperature Effects on Soybean Imbibition and Leakage

Temperature Effects on Soybean Imbibition and Leakage

The Influence of Rehydration on the Viability of Dried Micro-Organisms

The Nature of Cold-induced Dormancy in Urediospores of Puccinia graminis tritici

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