Loss of Cell Ion Homeostasis and Cell Viability in the Brain: What Sodium MRI Can Tell Us

Boada, Fernando E.; LaVerde, George; Jungreis, Charles A.; Nemoto, Edwin M.; Tanase, Costin; Hancu, Ileana

doi:10.1016/s0070-2153(05)70004-1

Cited by 90 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Single and multiple quantum sodium NMR has been used extensively to study various biological tissues such as brain (89,90,104,(116)(117)(118)(119)(120), breast (121) heart (122)(123)(124)(125)(126)(127)(128), muscle (129,130), tumors (131)(132)(133), blood (122) and cartilage (27,93,(134)(135)(136) and reviewed in several articles (86,87,91,108,119,(137)(138)(139)(140)(141). In this review, however, we restrict our discussion to sodium NMR of cartilage.…”

Section: Multiple Quantum Filtered (Mqf) Nmrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other methods that are promising in detection of ordered sodium ions include quadrupolar filter by nutation (QFN) (115). QFN exploits the dependence of quadrupolar interaction on nutation frequencies to suppress isotropic sodium and detect the central transition of ordered sodium.Single and multiple quantum sodium NMR has been used extensively to study various biological tissues such as brain (89,90,104,(116)(117)(118)(119)(120), breast (121) heart (122-128), muscle (129,130), tumors (131-133), blood (122) and cartilage (27,93,(134)(135)(136) and reviewed in several articles (86,87,91,108,119,(137)(138)(139)(140)(141). In this review, however, we restrict our discussion to sodium NMR of cartilage.…”

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Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

et al. 2006

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In this article, both sodium magnetic resonance (MR) and T 1r relaxation mapping aimed at measuring molecular changes in cartilage for the diagnostic imaging of osteoarthritis are reviewed. First, an introduction to structure of cartilage, its degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) and an outline of diagnostic imaging methods in quantifying molecular changes and early diagnostic aspects of cartilage degeneration are described. The sodium MRI section begins with a brief overview of the theory of sodium NMR of biological tissues and is followed by a section on multiple quantum filters that can be used to quantify both bi-exponential relaxation and residual quadrupolar interaction. Specifically, (i) the rationale behind the use of sodium MRI in quantifying proteoglycan (PG) changes, (ii) validation studies using biochemical assays, (iii) studies on human OA specimens, (iv) results on animal models and (v) clinical imaging protocols are reviewed. Results demonstrating the feasibility of quantifying PG in OA patients and comparison with that in healthy subjects are also presented. The section concludes with the discussion of advantages and potential issues with sodium MRI and the impact of new technological advancements (e.g. ultra-high field scanners and parallel imaging methods). In the theory section on T 1r , a brief description of (i) principles of measuring T 1r relaxation, (ii) pulse sequences for computing T 1r relaxation maps, (iii) issues regarding radio frequency power deposition, (iv) mechanisms that contribute to T 1r in biological tissues and (v) effects of exchange and dipolar interaction on T 1r dispersion are discussed. Correlation of T 1r relaxation rate with macromolecular content and biomechanical properties in cartilage specimens subjected to trypsin and cytokineinduced glycosaminoglycan depletion and validation against biochemical assay and histopathology are presented. Experimental T 1r data from osteoarthritic specimens, animal models, healthy human subjects and as well from osteoarthritic patients are provided. The current status of T 1r relaxation mapping of cartilage and future directions is also discussed. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEYWORDS: cartilage; arthritis; spin-lock; T1rho; sodium; MRI OSTEOARTHRITIS Osteoarthritis (OA) affects more than half of the population above the age of 65 (1,2) and has a significant negative impact on the quality of life of elderly individuals (3). The economic costs in the USA from OA have been estimated to be more than 1% of the gross domestic product (4). OA is now increasingly viewed as a metabolically active joint disorder of diverse etiologies. The biochemistry of the disease is characterized by the following changes in cartilage: reduced proteoglycan (PG) concentration, possible changes in the size of collagen fibril and aggregation of PG, increased water content and increased rate of synthesis and degradation of matrix macromolecules. The earliest changes in the cartilage due to OA result in a partial breakdown in the proteoglyc...

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Section: Multiple Quantum Filtered (Mqf) Nmrmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

et al. 2006

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“…Brain neoplasia and sustained cell depolarization, a precursor of cell division, lead to an increase of the intracellular sodium concentration and to a rise in the average tissue sodium concentration (2). Furthermore, the application of sodium MRI has been shown to be valuable for muscular channelopathies (3,4), brain tumors (5), the human kidney (6), myocardial infarction (7), and cerebral ischemia (8,9) diagnostics.…”

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Sodium MRI using a density‐adapted 3D radial acquisition technique

Nagel

Laun

Weber

et al. 2009

Magnetic Resonance in Med

246

256

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A density-adapted three-dimensional radial projection reconstruction pulse sequence is presented which provides a more efficient k-space sampling than conventional three-dimensional projection reconstruction sequences. The gradients of the density-adapted three-dimensional radial projection reconstruction pulse sequence are designed such that the averaged sampling density in each spherical shell of k-space is constant. Due to hardware restrictions, an inner sphere of k-space is sampled without density adaption. This approach benefits from both the straightforward handling of conventional three-dimensional projection reconstruction sequence trajectories and an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) efficiency akin to the commonly used three-dimensional twisted projection imaging trajectories. Benefits for low SNR applications, when compared to conventional three-dimensional projection reconstruction sequences, are demonstrated with the example of sodium imaging. In simulations of the point-spread function, the SNR of small objects is increased by a factor 1.66 for the densityadapted three-dimensional radial projection reconstruction pulse sequence sequence. Using analytical and experimental phantoms, it is shown that the density-adapted three-dimensional radial projection reconstruction pulse sequence allows higher resolutions and is more robust in the presence of field inhomogeneities. High-quality in vivo images of the healthy human leg muscle and the healthy human brain are acquired. For equivalent scan times, the SNR is up to a factor of 1.8 higher and anatomic details are better resolved using density-adapted three-dimensional radial projection reconstruction pulse sequence. Key words: sodium magnetic resonance imaging; densityadapted sampling; radial imaging; projection reconstruction; sampling density; field inhomogeneities Sodium ( 23 Na) ions play an important role in cellular homeostasis and cell viability. In healthy tissue, the extracellular sodium concentration ([Na ϩ ] ex ϭ 145 mM) is about 10 times higher than the intracellular concentration ([Na ϩ ] in ϭ 10-15 mM) (1). Using sodium MRI, volume-and relaxation-weighted signal of these compartments can be measured. Thus, sodium MRI is a promising diagnostic tool since pathologic processes can alter this ion gradient.Many studies investigating the usefulness of sodium MRI in human pathologies have been performed recently. Brain neoplasia and sustained cell depolarization, a precursor of cell division, lead to an increase of the intracellular sodium concentration and to a rise in the average tissue sodium concentration (2). Furthermore, the application of sodium MRI has been shown to be valuable for muscular channelopathies (3,4), brain tumors (5), the human kidney (6), myocardial infarction (7), and cerebral ischemia (8,9) diagnostics.However, sodium MRI remains a challenging technique for several reasons. The sodium nucleus exhibits a fast biexponential transversal relaxation in the extreme narrowing limit, i.e., if the correlation time is much shorter...

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“…Quantitative sodium magnetic resonance (MR) imaging enables noninvasive measurement of the in vivo tissue sodium concentration (TSC) of the brain that may be relevant to medical decision making in a number of clinical settings where tissue viability is in question (Thulborn et al, 1999;Boada et al, 2005;Lu et al, 2010a). The resultant quantitative map of TSC, termed a bioscale (Atkinson et al, 2010;Lu et al, 2010b), reflects sodium ion homeostasis that is tightly regulated in healthy tissue (Somjen, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid computation of sodium bioscales using gpu‐accelerated image reconstruction

Atkinson¹,

Li²,

Obeid³

et al. 2013

Int J Imaging Syst Tech

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Quantitative sodium magnetic resonance imaging permits noninvasive measurement of the tissue sodium concentration (TSC) bioscale in the brain. Computing the TSC bioscale requires reconstructing and combining multiple datasets acquired with a nonCartesian acquisition that highly oversamples the center of k-space. Even with an optimized implementation of the algorithm to compute TSC, the overall processing time exceeds the time required to collect data from the human subject. Such a mismatch presents a challenge for sustained sodium imaging to avoid a growing data backlog and provide timely results. The most computationally intensive portions of the TSC calculation have been identified and accelerated using a consumer graphics processing unit (GPU) in addition to a conventional central processing unit (CPU). A recently developed data organization technique called Compact Binning was used along with several existing algorithmic techniques to maximize the scalability and performance of these computationally intensive operations. The resulting GPU1CPU TSC bioscale calculation is more than 15 times faster than a CPU-only implementation when processing 256 3 256 3 256 data and 2.4 times faster when processing 128 3 128 3 128 data. This eliminates the possibility of a data backlog for quantitative sodium imaging. The accelerated quantification technique is suitable for general three-dimensional non-Cartesian acquisitions and may enable more sophisticated imaging techniques that acquire even more data to be used for quantitative sodium imaging.

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Loss of Cell Ion Homeostasis and Cell Viability in the Brain: What Sodium MRI Can Tell Us

Cited by 90 publications

References 57 publications

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Sodium MRI using a density‐adapted 3D radial acquisition technique

Rapid computation of sodium bioscales using gpu‐accelerated image reconstruction

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Loss of Cell Ion Homeostasis and Cell Viability in the Brain: What Sodium MRI Can Tell Us

Cited by 90 publications

References 57 publications

Sodium and T1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Sodium and T1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Sodium MRI using a density‐adapted 3D radial acquisition technique

Rapid computation of sodium bioscales using gpu‐accelerated image reconstruction

Contact Info

Product

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Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage