Loss of Organic Acids, Amino Acids, K, and Cl from Barley Roots Treated Anaerobically and with Metabolic Inhibitors

Hiatt, A. J.; Lowe, R. H.

doi:10.1104/pp.42.12.1731

Cited by 78 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Evidence has been presented that plant cells possess a relatively high concentration of organic ions. These ions are within a semipermeable membrane and do not diffuse out of the cell unless menmbrane integrity is destroyed as by anaerobiosis (9). These organic ionls behave as non-diffusible ions withini a semipernmeable membrane.…”

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Electrostatic Association and Donnan Phenomena as Mechanisms of Ion Accumulation

Hiatt

1968

Plant Physiol.

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A bstract. Excised roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare, var. Campana) were incubated for periods up to 24 hours in salt solutions of various concentrations and ion accumulation was determined at various time intervals. The data were consistent with the existence of 2 components of ion uptake, one accounting for ion uptake from solutions below 1 mMi and both components contributing to uptake from solutions of concentrations higher than 1 mM.It is proposed that organic and amino acids play an important role in ion accumulation by providing nondiffusible charges which may bind or retain inorganic ions within the celi. Ions would enter the cell by diffusion or exchange from salt solutions of low concentration and become associated with nondiffusible organic ions, principally organic and amino acids. The electrostatic association between inorganic and organic ions would maintain a gradient and diffusion-exchange wou-ld occur until equilibrium between the cell and the external solution was reached. It is proposed that the additional component of ion uptake which becomes important at salt concentrations higher than 1 mi is a result of diffusion of neutral salts according to Donnan phenomena. Ion uptake by this proposed mechanism would not necessarily involve the action of carriers.'T'lie discoxery that Michaelis-'Menten en zvme kiinetics are applicable to kinetics of ioIn absorption by plant roots has led to the concept of carriermedliated transport of ions in plant cells. When enzvme kinetics were applied to ion uptake rates over wide ranges of concentration, the existence of mnultiple bindiing sites or mulltiple carriers was suggested (3,4,10

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Electrostatic Association and Donnan Phenomena as Mechanisms of Ion Accumulation

Hiatt

1968

Plant Physiol.

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“…The parallelisms between factors known to influence ion uptake processes and factors that cause solute loss suggested to us that divalent cations should prevent or alter loss. Calcium as CaSO4 and magnesium as MgSO4 were equally effective in protecting against loss induced by chilling or anaerobic conditions (Table III, (9,10), a loss of organic acids induced by chilling or anaerobiosis might well have a serious impact on cation uptake. Hiatt (9), and Hiatt and Lowe (10), have shown that cellular organic acids are lost to the medium as a result of anaerobiosis.…”

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“…Calcium as CaSO4 and magnesium as MgSO4 were equally effective in protecting against loss induced by chilling or anaerobic conditions (Table III, (9,10), a loss of organic acids induced by chilling or anaerobiosis might well have a serious impact on cation uptake. Hiatt (9), and Hiatt and Lowe (10), have shown that cellular organic acids are lost to the medium as a result of anaerobiosis. Our data tend to confirm this and show that low temperature will also induce a similar leakage from root tip cells.…”

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Stimulation of Solute Loss from Radicles of Gossypium hirsutum L. by Chilling, Anaerobiosis, and Low pH

1970

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The loss of organic substances from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) MATERIALS AND METHODS The seeds of Gossypium hirsutum L. used were from a selfpollinated M-8 genetic selection, a colchicine-doubled haploid from a Deltapine cultivar. Seed coats were removed to reduce germination variability due to differential permeability of seed coats to water.Seeds were germinated in gerniination paper rolls wet with distilled water. After sufficient germination time at 31 C to produce 2 cm long radicles (usually 24-26 hr), uniform seedlings were selected from the paper rolls, surface-sterilized with 0.1 % hypochlorite solution, rinsed in sterile water, and placed in stainless steel racks in Petri dishes with 1 cm of the seedling axis immersed in sterile solution. Each rack contained 20 seedlings; five racks were used for each treatment (five replications). The treatments were conducted in darkness. After completion of the assigned treatment (see below), the liquid in each dish was filtered, and the water was removed by freeze-drying. Preliminary assays and thin layer chromatographic studies showed that much of the dried residue consisted of carbohydrates and amino acids; these materials were, therefore, assayed and used as a measure of solute loss. The dried residue was redissolved in a small volume of 60 % methanol, and the solution was filtered and assayed for carbohydrates by the anthrone method (20). Ninhydrin-positive substances were determined by the method of Moore and Stein (14).The treatments applied to seedlings follow. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of Chilling, pH, and Anaerobic Conditions on Solute Loss. Low temperature induced large increases of solute loss from radicles (Fig. 1). The quantity of sugars and amino acids lost from roots held at 5 C increased with duration of chilling time. Thin layer chromatographs of the carbohydrates in the solution indicated that glucose, fructose, and sucrose were lost from roots at 5 C, whereas roots at 31 C lost only sucrose. Similar but more complex patterns were found on chromatograms 53 www.plantphysiol.org on April 27, 2019 -Published by Downloaded from

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“…Unfortunately, the effects of mycorrhizal infections were practically untouched. For example, (i) short periods of hypo-oxidation caused damage in root cell membranes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) which was observed as leakage of organic and amino acids within one hour (Hiatt & Lowe, 1967). (ii) Raising the ambient temperature of lettuce or of Barbarea roots, from 25 -408C, caused an increase in the plasma membrane leakage of amino acids.…”

Section: Effects Of Various Stressesmentioning

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Appraisal of root leakage as a method for estimation of root viability

Radoglou

Cabral

Repo³

et al. 2007

Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all As

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We review the applications of REL test as a technique for detecting injury and thereby forecasting survivability of transplanted seedlings. The objectives of the present review are to present the fundamentals of this method, assess the relevant literature, present evidence of seasonal variations of REL, describe how REL responds to different stress conditions, suggest priorities for future research as well as practical recommendations for REL testing, and assess leakage of organic compounds as an indicator of root damage. Seasonal changes in REL may be connected with root freezing tolerance that varies among plants of different seed sources and species and thus does not always indicate health state of seedlings. REL technique can be used for assessing frost hardiness of roots under certain conditions (e.g. roots should be sampled into the test tubes prior to the freezing test). It can be used for studying heat stress with certain prerequisites (e.g. series of high temperatures or different exposure times should be used to find a threshold for heat tolerance). In desiccation tolerance assessment, REL presents high variation depending on species. In case of rough handling or hypoxic conditions, the effect depends on certain developmental stages. Additionally, though REL may be useful in quantifying damage caused by cold storage, it should be considered as a relative index of plant quality only since the relationship between REL and survivability could vary depending on cultural and handling practices prior to planting as well as on post-planting environmental conditions. In some cases, REL is correlated with field performance of seedlings, but in other cases the correlation is weak. Factors as species, seed lots, developmental stage of root tissue, season, and bud dormancy intensity may affect REL. Thus, REL must first be calibrated to these factors before it can be reliably used to predict the field performance of all types of seedling stock. Ambient storage, ageing and amino acids and protein leakage are also discussed. Limitations and questions for future research are suggested (e.g. speciesdependence and decreasing variation). In general, REL is casually and statistically related with root damage and survivability of seedling. However, it depends on many other factors apart from root damages, and thus it remains a great challenge to improve its reliability.

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Loss of Organic Acids, Amino Acids, K, and Cl from Barley Roots Treated Anaerobically and with Metabolic Inhibitors

Cited by 78 publications

References 14 publications

Electrostatic Association and Donnan Phenomena as Mechanisms of Ion Accumulation

Electrostatic Association and Donnan Phenomena as Mechanisms of Ion Accumulation

Stimulation of Solute Loss from Radicles of Gossypium hirsutum L. by Chilling, Anaerobiosis, and Low pH

Appraisal of root leakage as a method for estimation of root viability

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