Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone recently identified as a new endogenous pro-inflammatory hormone in human granulocytes. Here we report the functional activation of human monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells by ABA. Incubation of monocytes with ABA evokes an intracellular Ca 2؉ rise through the second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose, leading to NF-B activation and consequent increase of cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E 2 production and enhanced release of MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and of metalloprotease-9, all events reportedly involved in atherogenesis. Moreover, monocytes release ABA when exposed to thrombin-activated platelets, a condition occurring at the injured vascular endothelium; monocyte-derived ABA behaves as an autocrine and paracrine pro-inflammatory hormone-stimulating monocyte migration and MCP-1 release, as well as vascular smooth muscle cells migration and proliferation. These results, and the presence of ABA in human arterial plaques at a 10-fold higher concentration compared with normal arterial tissue, identify ABA as a new signal molecule involved in the development of atherosclerosis and suggest a possible new target for anti-atherosclerotic therapy.
ABA2 is an isoprenoid phytohormone regulating several physiological functions in Metaphyta, including response to abiotic stress (1), and in lower Metazoa, where ABA mediates temperature-induced oxygen consumption and water filtration in sponges (2) Monocytes play a key role in both inflammation and immunity by performing antigen presentation, phagocytosis, and immunomodulation through the production of various cytokines and growth factors (6). In atherosclerosis, a chronic immune inflammatory disease, the interaction between monocytes, platelets, and injured luminal endothelium is a crucial event leading to the atherosclerotic lesion of the arterial intima (7,8). Platelets trigger atherogenesis through adhesion to damaged endothelial cells and release of pro-inflammatory mediators, recruiting circulating monocytes to the site of the lesion (9). Monocytes attach to and penetrate the vessel wall, where they undergo transformation into macrophages and eventually into foam cells (10). At the site of the atherosclerotic lesion, monocytes/macrophages, platelets, and endothelial cells release chemoattractants, growth factors, and cytokines, which stimulate VSMC proliferation and migration into the sub-endothelium. Thrombus organization, extracellular matrix synthesis, and VSMC proliferation eventually lead to the development of the atheromatous plaque (7-10). Here we investigate the effect of ABA on human monocytes and VSMC and its possible role in the activation of cell responses known to be responsible for atherogenesis.