“…The bibliographies of relevant studies were also searched, and 2 additional studies [24,25] were identified to be eligible. Ultimately, 56 studies [6–14,21,24–69] involving 796,914 participants were included. Of these, 38 studies [6,9–11,13,21,25,27–29,31–33,35,37–39,41–43,45,47–49,51,52,54–56,58,59,61–63,65–68] comprising 50 independent studies examined the contribution of sarcopenia to osteoporosis, 17 studies [6–8,12,14,24,26,30,34,36,44,50,52,53,57,64,69] with 405,847 participants examined the contribution of osteoporosis to sarcopenia, and 5 studies [61–65] comprising 7 independent studies with 171,514 participants examined the decrease in osteoporosis risk for each standard deviation (SD) increase in relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass (RASM) (Fig.…”